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performing operations (180) 180
transporting (180) 180
vehicles in general (150) 150
arrangement of braking elements on vehicles in general (143) 143
brake control systems or parts thereof, in general (143) 143
portable devices for preventing unwanted movement ofvehicles (143) 143
vehicle brake control systems or parts thereof (143) 143
vehicle modifications to facilitate cooling of brakes (143) 143
microbiology (82) 82
escherichia-coli (65) 65
index medicus (57) 57
bacterial proteins - genetics (55) 55
bacterial proteins - metabolism (53) 53
blasting (53) 53
heating (53) 53
lighting (53) 53
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biochemistry & molecular biology (41) 41
molecular sequence data (41) 41
physiological aspects (41) 41
bacillus subtilis - metabolism (39) 39
engineering elements and units (39) 39
general measures for producing and maintaining effectivefunctioning of machines or installations (39) 39
thermal insulation in general (39) 39
bacillus subtilis (37) 37
research (37) 37
general tagging of cross-sectional technologies spanning over several sections of the ipc (36) 36
general tagging of new technological developments (36) 36
glycine betaine (36) 36
technical subjects covered by former uspc cross-reference art collections [xracs] and digests (36) 36
technical subjects covered by former uspc (35) 35
analysis (32) 32
railways (32) 32
genetic aspects (31) 31
amino acid sequence (30) 30
escherichia coli - genetics (30) 30
gene expression regulation, bacterial (29) 29
osmoprotectant glycine betaine (29) 29
osmoregulation (29) 29
genes (28) 28
bacillus subtilis - genetics (27) 27
base sequence (26) 26
betaine - metabolism (26) 26
brakes (26) 26
clutches (26) 26
compatible solutes (26) 26
couplings for transmitting rotation (26) 26
bacteriology (24) 24
gene expression (24) 24
proteins (24) 24
mutation (23) 23
technical subjects covered by former uspc cross-reference artcollections [xracs] and digests (22) 22
enzymes (21) 21
bacillus-subtilis (20) 20
high osmolarity (20) 20
transcription, genetic (19) 19
bacterial proteins - chemistry (18) 18
escherichia coli (18) 18
escherichia coli - metabolism (18) 18
osmotic pressure (18) 18
plasmids (18) 18
proline (18) 18
binding sites (17) 17
biological transport (17) 17
biosynthesis (17) 17
expression (17) 17
protein binding (17) 17
models, molecular (16) 16
physics (16) 16
proline - metabolism (16) 16
salinity (16) 16
choline (15) 15
cloning, molecular (15) 15
ectoine (15) 15
genes, bacterial (15) 15
halomonas-elongata (15) 15
mechanosensitive channels (15) 15
osmosis (15) 15
arrangements or dispositions of brakes or other retardingapparatus in rail vehicles (14) 14
atp-binding cassette transporters - metabolism (14) 14
bacillus subtilis - physiology (14) 14
biotechnology & applied microbiology (14) 14
brakes or other retarding apparatus peculiar to railvehicles (14) 14
crystallography, x-ray (14) 14
operon (14) 14
amino acids, diamino - metabolism (13) 13
body details or kinds of railway vehicles (13) 13
compatible solute ectoine (13) 13
glycine (13) 13
gram-positive bacteria (13) 13
kinetics (13) 13
microorganisms (13) 13
osmolar concentration (13) 13
osmotic-stress (13) 13
positive displacement machines for liquids (13) 13
preventing derailing of rail vehicles (13) 13
pumps (13) 13
pumps for liquids or elastic fluids (13) 13
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1. Full Text Clostridium difficile: A bad bug goes into defensive mode
by Bremer, Erhard
Environmental Microbiology, ISSN 1462-2912, 07/2017, Volume 19, Issue 7, pp. 2523 - 2528
PATHOGENESIS | PHYLOGENY | INTEGRATION | BACILLUS-SUBTILIS | SIGB | REGULON | ARCHITECTURE | GENERAL STRESS-RESPONSE | MICROBIOLOGY | INFECTION | SPORULATION INITIATION | Anti-Bacterial Agents | Clostridium difficile
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2. Full Text Clostridium difficile: A bad bug goes into defensive mode
: General stress system and pathophysiology of C. difficile
by Bremer, Erhard
Environmental Microbiology, ISSN 1462-2912, 07/2017, Volume 19, Issue 7, pp. 2523 - 2528
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3. Full Text Liberate and Grab It, Ingest and Digest It: the GbdR Regulon of the Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa
by Erhard Bremer
Journal of Bacteriology, ISSN 0021-9193, 01/2014, Volume 196, Issue 1, pp. 3 - 6
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HOMEOSTASIS | BACTERIA | ENVIRONMENTS | BACILLUS-SUBTILIS | CHOLINE | ESCHERICHIA-COLI | PHOSPHOLIPASE-C | ORGANIC OSMOLYTES | MICROBIOLOGY | GLYCINE BETAINE CATABOLISM | STRESS | Regulon | Transcription Factors - metabolism | Pseudomonas aeruginosa - genetics | Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
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4. Full Text Responses of Microorganisms to Osmotic Stress
by Bremer, Erhard and Krämer, Reinhard
ANNUAL REVIEW OF MICROBIOLOGY, VOL 73, ISSN 0066-4227, 9/2019, Volume 73, Issue 1, pp. 313 - 334
The cytoplasm of bacterial cells is a highly crowded cellular compartment that possesses considerable osmotic potential. As a result, and owing to the... 
transporters and channels | c-di-AMP | osmoregulation | osmosensing | osmoprotectants | biofilms | ESCHERICHIA-COLI | BINDING-PROTEIN | MICROBIOLOGY | MATRIX GENE-EXPRESSION | MECHANOSENSITIVE CHANNEL | SOLUTES GLYCINE BETAINE | BACILLUS-SUBTILIS | COMPATIBLE SOLUTES | IONIC-STRENGTH | CORYNEBACTERIUM-GLUTAMICUM | Physiological aspects | Microbial colonies | Osmotic potential | Turgor | AMP | Osmolarity | Cell walls | Osmosis | Fluxes | Osmotic stress | Microorganisms | Biofilms | Hydrostatic pressure | Bacteria | Viability | Cytoplasm
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5. Full Text Protection of Bacillus subtilis against Cold Stress via Compatible-Solute Acquisition
by Tamara Hoffmann and Erhard Bremer
Journal of Bacteriology, ISSN 0021-9193, 04/2011, Volume 193, Issue 7, pp. 1552 - 1562
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LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES | SHOCK RESPONSE | OSMOTIC-STRESS | HEAT STRESSES | OSMOPROTECTANT GLYCINE BETAINE | ESCHERICHIA-COLI | ADAPTATION | MICROBIOLOGY | HIGH SALINITY | LOW-TEMPERATURE | CHILL ACTIVATION | Up-Regulation | Cold Temperature | Proline - analogs & derivatives | Proline - metabolism | Betaine - metabolism | Adaptation, Physiological - drug effects | Bacterial Proteins - genetics | Stress, Physiological | Betaine - pharmacology | Betaine - analogs & derivatives | Bacillus subtilis - genetics | Carrier Proteins - genetics | Carrier Proteins - metabolism | Osmolar Concentration | Biological Transport | Time Factors | Proline - pharmacology | Bacterial Proteins - metabolism | Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial | Bacillus subtilis - metabolism | Bacillus subtilis - drug effects | Physiological aspects | Acclimatization | Research | Bacillus subtilis | Bioaccumulation | Solution (Chemistry) | Physiology and Metabolism
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6. Full Text Guardians in a stressful world: the Opu family of compatible solute transporters from Bacillus subtilis
by Hoffmann, Tamara and Bremer, Erhard
Biological Chemistry, ISSN 1431-6730, 02/2017, Volume 398, Issue 2, pp. 193 - 214
The development of a semi-permeable cytoplasmic membrane was a key event in the evolution of microbial proto-cells. As a result, changes in the external... 
homeostasis | osmotic stress | osmoprotectants | glycine betaine | and Na | L-proline | CASSETTE ABC TRANSPORTER | BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | OSMOPROTECTANT GLYCINE BETAINE | ESCHERICHIA-COLI | HIGH-SALT CONCENTRATIONS | MATRIX GENE-EXPRESSION | GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA | CYCLIC-DI-AMP | MECHANOSENSITIVE CHANNELS | K+ and Na+ homeostasis | BINDING PROTEIN OPUAC | CORYNEBACTERIUM-GLUTAMICUM | Osmotic Pressure | Bacillus subtilis - cytology | Biological Transport | Humans | Homeostasis | Bacterial Proteins - metabolism | Membrane Transport Proteins - metabolism | Bacillus subtilis - metabolism | Physiological aspects | Carrier proteins | Observations | Bacillus subtilis | Protein-protein interactions | Efflux | Osmotic potential | Osmolarity | Hydration | Turgor | Mechanosensitive channels | Rupture | Osmosis | Solutes | Fluxes | Dehydration | Channels | Osmotic stress | Microorganisms | Cell water | Cytoplasm
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7. Full Text With a pinch of extra salt—Did predatory protists steal genes from their food?
by Czech, Laura and Bremer, Erhard
PLoS Biology, ISSN 1544-9173, 02/2018, Volume 16, Issue 2, p. e2005163
The cellular adjustment of Bacteria and Archaea to high-salinity habitats is well studied and has generally been classified into one of two strategies. These... 
GLYCINE-BETAINE | MICROORGANISMS | BACTERIA | HOMEOSTASIS | ENVIRONMENTS | COMPATIBLE SOLUTES | BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | OSMOREGULATION | BIOLOGY | ORGANIC OSMOLYTES | OSMOADAPTATION | STRESS | Salts | Transcription | Laboratories | Habitats | Genes | Solutes | Genomes | Biology | Phylogeny | Glycine | Microorganisms | Ectoine | Betaine | Salinity effects | Bacteria | Evolution | Physiology | Glycine betaine | Geographical distribution | Inositol | Hydration | Gene transfer | Archaea | Salinity | Strategy | Genetic engineering | Compatibility | Cytoplasm | Inhabitants
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8. Liberate and Grab It, Ingest and Digest It: the GbdR Regulon of the Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa
by Erhard Bremer
Journal of Bacteriology, ISSN 0021-9193, 01/2014, Volume 196, Issue 1, p. 3
  The compatible solute glycine betaine is a powerful osmostress protectant, but many microorganisms can also use it as a nutrient. K. J. Hampel et al. (J.... 
Bacteria | Metabolism | Bacteriology
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9. Full Text Osmotically Controlled Synthesis of the Compatible Solute Proline Is Critical for Cellular Defense of Bacillus subtilis against High Osmolarity
by Jeanette Brill and Tamara Hoffmann and Monika Bleisteiner and Erhard Bremer
Journal of Bacteriology, ISSN 0021-9193, 10/2011, Volume 193, Issue 19, pp. 5335 - 5346
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SIGMA B | MECHANOSENSITIVE CHANNELS | TRANSPORT-SYSTEM OPUC | BIOSYNTHESIS | OSMOPROTECTANT GLYCINE BETAINE | ESCHERICHIA-COLI | GENES | OSMOREGULATION | MICROBIOLOGY | TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR | SALT STRESS-ADAPTATION | Blotting, Northern | Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - genetics | Osmolar Concentration | Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | Proline - biosynthesis | Bacterial Proteins - genetics | Bacterial Proteins - metabolism | Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid | Promoter Regions, Genetic - genetics | Bacillus subtilis - metabolism | Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - physiology | Bacillus subtilis - genetics | Physiological aspects | Proline | Genetic aspects | Research | Bacillus subtilis | Genes | Physiology and Metabolism
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10. Full Text Small cationic antimicrobial peptides delocalize peripheral membrane proteins
by Michaela Wenzel and Alina Iulia Chiriac and Andreas Otto and Dagmar Zweytick and Caroline May and Catherine Schumacher and Ronald Gust and H. Bauke Albada and Maya Penkova and Ute Krämer and Ralf Erdmann and Nils Metzler-Nolte and Suzana K. Straus and Erhard Bremer and Dörte Becher and Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt and Hans-Georg Sahl and Julia Elisabeth Bandow
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, ISSN 0027-8424, 04/2014, Volume 111, Issue 14, pp. E1409 - E1418
Short antimicrobial peptides rich in arginine (R) and tryptophan (W) interact with membranes. To learn how this interaction leads to bacterial death, we... 
Respiratory chain | Metallocenes | Hypoosmotic stress response | Mechanism of action | BACILLUS-SUBTILIS CELLS | ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDES | DAPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE | DEFENSE RESPONSES | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | mechanism of action | hypoosmotic stress response | CELLULAR UPTAKE | metallocenes | PLANT PLASMA-MEMBRANE | MECHANOSENSITIVE CHANNELS | ESCHERICHIA-COLI K-12 | STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS | respiratory chain | PEPTIDOGLYCAN-BIOSYNTHESIS | Lipid Bilayers | Cytochromes c - metabolism | Homeostasis | Membrane Proteins - metabolism | Phospholipids - metabolism | Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides - metabolism | Binding Sites | Bacillus subtilis - metabolism | Biological Sciences | PNAS Plus
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11. Full Text Osmotic Control of opuA Expression in Bacillus subtilis and Its Modulation in Response to Intracellular Glycine Betaine and Proline Pools
by Tamara Hoffmann and Annette Wensing and Margot Brosius and Leif Steil and Uwe Völker and Erhard Bremer
Journal of Bacteriology, ISSN 0021-9193, 02/2013, Volume 195, Issue 3, pp. 510 - 522
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PROU PROMOTER | SALT STRESS | LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM | HIGH OSMOLARITY | ESCHERICHIA-COLI | BACTERIAL OSMOREGULATION | MICROBIOLOGY | HALOBACILLUS-HALOPHILUS | ABC TRANSPORTER OPUA | COMPATIBLE SOLUTE ACCUMULATION | BINDING PROTEIN OPUAC | Osmotic Pressure | Multigene Family | Sodium Chloride | Mutagenesis, Site-Directed | Bacillus subtilis - classification | Proline - metabolism | Betaine - metabolism | Bacterial Proteins - genetics | Betaine - pharmacology | Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - physiology | Osmolar Concentration | ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - genetics | Escherichia coli - genetics | Plasmids | Escherichia coli - metabolism | ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - metabolism | Proline - pharmacology | Bacterial Proteins - metabolism | Bacillus subtilis - metabolism | Bacillus subtilis - drug effects | Physiological aspects | Proline | Control | Osmosis | Research | Bacillus subtilis | Index Medicus
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12. Full Text A Comprehensive Proteomics and Transcriptomics Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Salt Stress Adaptation
by Hannes Hahne and Ulrike Mäder and Andreas Otto and Florian Bonn and Leif Steil and Erhard Bremer and Michael Hecker and Dörte Becher
Journal of Bacteriology, ISSN 0021-9193, 02/2010, Volume 192, Issue 3, pp. 870 - 882
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OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEINS | SIGNAL PEPTIDE PREDICTION | DATABASE | MECHANOSENSITIVE CHANNELS | CELL-ENVELOPE | GROWTH | GENES | RESISTANCE | HIGH-SALINITY | MICROBIOLOGY | COMBINED TRANSMEMBRANE TOPOLOGY | Stress, Physiological - physiology | Regulon - genetics | Sigma Factor - metabolism | Teichoic Acids - genetics | Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis | Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel | Bacterial Proteins - genetics | Gene Expression Profiling - methods | Penicillin-Binding Proteins - genetics | Peptidoglycan - genetics | Penicillin-Binding Proteins - biosynthesis | Bacillus subtilis - genetics | Peptidoglycan - biosynthesis | Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - drug effects | Tandem Mass Spectrometry | Teichoic Acids - biosynthesis | Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - genetics | Salts - pharmacology | Models, Biological | Bacterial Proteins - metabolism | Proteomics - methods | Sigma Factor - genetics | Bacillus subtilis - metabolism | Bacillus subtilis - drug effects | Bacillus subtilis | Physiological aspects | Genetic aspects | Research | Genetic transcription | Adaptation (Biology) | Salt stress (Botany) | Genomics and Proteomics
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13. Full Text Osmotically Induced Synthesis of the Compatible Solute Hydroxyectoine Is Mediated by an Evolutionarily Conserved Ectoine Hydroxylase
by Jan Bursy and Antonio J. Pierik and Nathalie Pica and Erhard Bremer
Journal of Biological Chemistry, ISSN 0021-9258, 10/2007, Volume 282, Issue 43, pp. 31147 - 31155
By using natural abundance 13 C NMR spectroscopy, we investigated the types of compatible solutes synthesized in a variety of Bacilli under high salinity... 
TETRAHYDROPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES | AMINO-ACID | BACILLUS-SUBTILIS | PROLINE 4-HYDROXYLASE | HIGH OSMOLARITY | BIOSYNTHESIS | ENZYMES | BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | ESCHERICHIA-COLI | GENES | HALOMONAS-ELONGATA | Bacillus - metabolism | Sodium Chloride - pharmacology | Molecular Sequence Data | Bacillus - classification | Mixed Function Oxygenases - metabolism | Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid | Dose-Response Relationship, Drug | Culture Media | Osmosis - physiology | Databases, Protein | Amino Acids, Diamino - genetics | Conserved Sequence | Mixed Function Oxygenases - isolation & purification | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular | Transcription, Genetic | Amino Acids, Diamino - biosynthesis | Bacillus - growth & development | Amino Acid Sequence | Genes, Bacterial | Solutions - metabolism | Amino Acids, Diamino - chemistry | Bacterial Proteins - genetics | Bacillus - genetics | Carbon Isotopes - metabolism | Amino Acid Motifs | Sequence Homology, Amino Acid | Escherichia coli - genetics | Bacterial Proteins - metabolism | Mixed Function Oxygenases - genetics | Evolution, Molecular
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14. Full Text The BCCT family of carriers: from physiology to crystal structure
by Ziegler, Christine and Bremer, Erhard and Krämer, Reinhard
Molecular Microbiology, ISSN 0950-382X, 10/2010, Volume 78, Issue 1, pp. 13 - 34
Summary Increases in the environmental osmolarity are key determinants for the growth of microorganisms. To ensure a physiologically acceptable level of... 
LIGAND-BINDING | SINORHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI | UPTAKE SYSTEM | BACILLUS-SUBTILIS | BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | ESCHERICHIA-COLI | MICROBIOLOGY | CHOLINE TRANSPORTER | COMPATIBLE SOLUTE HYDROXYECTOINE | GLYCINE BETAINE TRANSPORT | BINDING PROTEIN OPUAC | CORYNEBACTERIUM-GLUTAMICUM | Carrier Proteins - physiology | Protein Structure, Tertiary | Bacteria - metabolism | Multigene Family | Signal Transduction | Antiporters - chemistry | Bacterial Proteins - chemistry | Substrate Specificity | Osmosis | Structure-Activity Relationship | Escherichia coli Proteins - physiology | Bacterial Proteins - physiology | Biological Transport, Active | Symporters | Carrier Proteins - chemistry | Antiporters - physiology | Escherichia coli Proteins - chemistry | Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial | Physiological aspects | Levocarnitine | Glycine | Structure | Crystals | Membrane proteins
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