Articles

"This text offers a comprehensive and nuanced view of the economic development of Spain since 1850. It provides a new set of historical GDP estimates for Spain... 
Spain Economic conditions | History | Economic development

Periodicals | Trace elements | Growth promoting substances | Physiological effect | Vitamins

Growth factors

Agricultural productivity

Broad-based growth is critical for accelerating poverty reduction. But income inequality also affects the pace at which growth translates into gains for the... 
Economic development | Government policy | Poverty | Case studies | GROWTH DETERMINANTS | LABOR MARKETS | STRUCTURAL REFORMS | COUNTRY EXPERIENCES | EXPORT PROMOTION | INEQUALITY | POOR | STRUCTURAL POLICIES | POOR FARMERS | POLICY INTERVENTIONS | HIGH INFLATION | CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE | GROWTH | MACROECONOMIC STABILITY | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POVERTY | MARKET ECONOMY | ECONOMIC POLICY | ECONOMIC GROWTH | EMPIRICAL LITERATURE | SMALLHOLDER PRODUCERS | AVERAGE GROWTH | PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY | POVERTY STATUS | INVESTMENT CLIMATE | ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE | URBAN AREAS | NATIONAL LEVEL | HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS | INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT | PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION | RATE OF GROWTH | POLICY PERSPECTIVE | JOB OPPORTUNITIES | RICH COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | FERTILITY | AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY | INCIDENCE OF POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT | RAPID GROWTH | DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | POVERTY DATA | POPULATION GROWTH | LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE | AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES | LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT | GROWTH RATE | SMALLHOLDERS | RURAL | CONSUMPTION DATA | TRADE OPENNESS | TRADE LIBERALIZATION | PER CAPITA INCOMES | DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERN | PRO-POOR GROWTH | EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES | POVERTY LEVELS | RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS | POVERTY LINES | LIVING STANDARDS | STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION | GROWTH RATES | INFANT MORTALITY RATE | RURAL POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | REDUCTION IN POVERTY | POLICY REFORMS | LAND REFORM | INFANT | NATIONAL POVERTY LINES | DEVELOPMENT REPORT | LABOR MARKET | MACROECONOMIC POLICIES | FEMALE LITERACY | FOOD-FOR-WORK | STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES | POLICY OPTIONS | HEADCOUNT POVERTY | POOR HOUSEHOLDS | FOOD CROPS | PEACE | RURAL AREAS | HOUSEHOLD SURVEY | GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT | POOR PEOPLE | SMALL FARMERS | RURAL FARMERS | ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY | PROGRESS | SECONDARY EDUCATION | URBAN POPULATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | PENSIONS | CITIZEN | EXCHANGE RATE | MIGRATION | FERTILITY RATE | PRO-POOR | PUBLIC EXPENDITURES | INCOME GROWTH | CONSUMPTION GROWTH | EMPLOYMENT INCOME | TERTIARY EDUCATION | REMITTANCES | GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT | POVERTY LEVEL | REMOTE AREAS | NATIONAL POVERTY RATE | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | PRIMARY PRODUCERS | INCOME TRANSFERS | GREEN REVOLUTION | INEQUALITY DATA | FOOD MARKETS | IMPACT ON POVERTY | CHANGES IN POVERTY | WORKFORCE | EXTREME POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | COUNTRY CASE | INFLATION RATE | POVERTY | DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY | RURAL ROADS | DISSEMINATION | REDUCING POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL SECTOR | FOOD CROP | TOTAL POVERTY | INHERITANCE | LAND TENURE | POVERTY RATES | RURAL HOUSEHOLDS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | IMPACTS OF POLICIES | DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT | INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION | INCOME INEQUALITY | INCOME | POORER HOUSEHOLDS | DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS | REDUCED POVERTY | POVERTY RATE | DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH | ABSOLUTE TERMS | GROWTH PERFORMANCE | AGRICULTURAL GROWTH | LOG GINI | IMPACT OF EDUCATION | GROWTH ELASTICITY | FINANCIAL CRISIS | ANNUAL GROWTH | PER CAPITA GROWTH | CAPITAL ACCUMULATION | LEGAL STATUS | PER CAPITA INCOME | RISING INEQUALITY | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT | SAFETY NETS | PUBLIC SECTOR | AVERAGE ANNUAL | IRRIGATION | POOR RURAL WOMEN | RESPECT | REMOTE REGIONS | AVERAGE GROWTH RATE | GINI COEFFICIENT | POOR GROWTH STRATEGIES | CAPITAL FLIGHT | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | LAND RIGHTS | LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES | TRANSACTION COSTS | IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION | MEAN GROWTH | POVERTY REDUCTION | INEQUALITY TRENDS | ANNUAL GROWTH RATE | POVERTY INCIDENCE | FUTURE GROWTH | HOUSEHOLD INCOME | RURAL LABOR | SOCIAL PROTECTION | LABOR FORCE | NATIONAL POVERTY | INCOME GROWTH RATE | RURAL POOR | URBAN CENTERS | AVERAGE INEQUALITY | POOR COUNTRY | HUMAN CAPITAL | ECONOMIC ACTIVITY | FARMERS | MASSIVE INVESTMENTS | GROWTH COMPONENT | DIVERSIFICATION | POPULATION SHIFTS | GROWTH PRO-POOR | PUBLIC EXPENDITURE | FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT | POPULATION DENSITY | SCHOOLING | POOR PRODUCERS | FOOD GRAINS | PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE | ANNUAL CHANGE | INFANT MORTALITY | POLICY MAKERS | POVERTY GROWTH | RURAL INCOME | LAND LAW

This book sets out to investigate the process of agrarian change from new angles and with new results. It starts on firm ground rather than from abstract... 
Economic aspects | Population | Agriculture | Economics

India’s sustained and rapid economic growth offers an opportunity to lift millions out of poverty. But this may come at a steep cost to its environment and... 
Environmental aspects | Economic development | Sustainable development | Environmental Policy | Development Economics | Sustainable Development | Economic Geography | Environment & Business | Development Geography | Economics and Development | South Asian Studies | Environmental Change & Pollution | Environment & Economics | Environmental Economics | Environmental Geography | Environment & Resources | Environmental Sciences | Conservation - Environment Studies | Environmental Management | Sustainable development - India | LABOR MARKETS | NATURAL CAPITAL | ECONOMIC INCENTIVES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES | RESOURCE CONSERVATION | LOGGING | AIR POLLUTION | PRIVATE CONSUMPTION | SUSTAINABLE GROWTH | OPPORTUNITY COSTS | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | WTP | METALS | INTERMEDIATE GOODS | NATIONAL INCOME | ECONOMIC ANALYSIS | PRICE CHANGES | PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH | MARKET PRICES | ECONOMIC GROWTH | PASTURES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | LAND PRODUCTIVITY | LAND ECONOMICS | REAL WAGES | SULFUR DIOXIDE | TRADEOFFS | OPTIONS | PUBLIC GOOD | ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS | AQUIFERS | POLLUTION | CARBON EMISSIONS | AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS | REVENUES | EQUILIBRIUM | ECONOMIES | EMISSION REDUCTION | THEORETICAL MODELS | AIR POLLUTION CONTROL | MINES | ECONOMIC POLICIES | ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES | ENVIRONMENTAL | LAND DEGRADATION | CLIMATE CHANGE | CONSUMER SURPLUS | WATER POLLUTION | WASTE DISPOSAL | TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS | NITROGEN OXIDES | ENERGY CONSUMPTION | DECISION MAKING | PRODUCTION PROCESSES | AIR QUALITY | VALUES | FOSSIL FUELS | FORESTRY | ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS | ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES | GREEN ACCOUNTING | ABATEMENT COSTS | CARBON | PRICES | ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES | DIMINISHING RETURNS | POPULATION GROWTH | USE VALUE | ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS | URBAN AIR POLLUTION | SOCIAL COSTS | WASTE MANAGEMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS | POLLUTION REDUCTION | WAGE RATES | RIVER BASINS | CONTINGENT VALUATION | ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS | EMISSION ABATEMENT | FOOD POLICY RESEARCH | ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT | RESOURCE USE | ECOLOGY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS | ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS | WETLANDS | PURCHASING POWER | DEFORESTATION | TRADE | CAPITAL TAXES | LAND USE | EMISSIONS | TIMBER | HEALTH PROBLEMS | COAL | WILLINGNESS TO PAY | ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY | CANCER | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS | MARGINAL COSTS | MARGINAL ABATEMENT | INTERMEDIATE INPUTS | ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA | ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION | AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | DRINKING WATER | WELFARE ECONOMICS | TAX RATES | EQUITY | RANGELANDS | ENVIRONMENTS | QUALITY STANDARDS | ABATEMENT | REVENUE | PROPERTY | FOREST MANAGEMENT | EMISSIONS LEVELS | EMISSIONS REDUCTION | DIMINISHING RETURNS TO SCALE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | CLIMATIC CONDITIONS | CONSUMPTION PATTERNS | LABOR PRODUCTIVITY | DAMAGE FUNCTION | ELASTICITIES | DEMAND | EXPLOITATION | OIL | MODELS | CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS | EXPECTATIONS | LABOR FORCE | CONSUMPTION | ECONOMISTS | POLLUTION CONCENTRATION | DEMOGRAPHICS | NON-USE VALUES | WAGES | MARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTS | TAXES | ENVIRONMENT | LAND | INCENTIVES | RESEARCH AGENDA | ENVIRONMENTAL RISK | EXTERNALITIES | CARBON CONTROL | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | EXPENDITURES | ECONOMIC ACTIVITY | NATURAL RESOURCES | TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE | WAGE DIFFERENTIALS | PRESENT VALUE | ECONOMIC VALUE | COMPENSATING WAGE DIFFERENTIALS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL BURDENS | OVERGRAZING | UNEMPLOYMENT | POLICY INSTRUMENTS | RESOURCES | RECYCLING | POLLUTION LEVELS | POLLUTION CONTROL | ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | HEDONIC PRICING | ELECTRICITY GENERATION | EMISSION TAXES | RETURNS TO SCALE | ECONOMETRICS | NATIONAL ACCOUNTING | ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE | POLICY MAKERS | WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX | CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM | ECONOMICS | CARBON DIOXIDE | SOIL DEGRADATION | ACID RAIN

Bangladesh Economic policy | Bangladesh Economic conditions | Bangladesh Rural conditions

This paper reviews literature on yield response of crops to soil compaction. Because soil compaction interacts with several other factors it is difficult to... 
Water quality | Agricultural vehicles and equipment

Economic aspects | Agriculture | Agricultural productivity | Agricultural innovations | Developing countries | Economics | Development Economics | Agricultural Economics | Industrial Organization

Islam | Banks and banking | Religious aspects | Finance | Islamic Finance | Development Finance | Economic Growth | Banking

There is an increasing consensus in the scientific community that climate change is a real and present threat. Despite the large uncertainty on the timing,... 
Latin America Climate | Caribbean Area Climate | Greenhouse gas mitigation | Climatic changes | Politics & government | PRIMARY ENERGY | SPECIES | CATASTROPHIC CLIMATE CHANGE | FINANCIAL COSTS | CATASTROPHIC EVENTS | CLIMATE SYSTEM | OPPORTUNITY COSTS | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DRY SEASON | WASTE | CROPS | FLOODING | ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE | ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY | DIFFERENCES IN EMISSIONS | SALINITY | ENERGY EMISSIONS | ECOSYSTEMS | CARBON INTENSITY | HEAT WAVES | ECONOMIC GROWTH | ENERGY PRICES | ATMOSPHERE | GLACIERS | PRECIPITATION | POLLUTION | COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE | HABITATS | MALARIA | ADVERSE EFFECTS | CLEAN ENERGY | DISCOUNT RATE | INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES | AMAZON RAINFOREST | ENERGY EFFICIENCY | CO2 EMISSIONS | EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS | CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS | TROPICAL FORESTS | ENERGY CONSUMPTION | FOREST FIRES | SOIL | MARGINAL BENEFITS | ALTERNATIVE ENERGY | ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION | HUMAN WELL-BEING | CH4 | WATERSHEDS | EMISSION SCENARIOS | CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION POLICIES | COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES | MITIGATION POTENTIAL | RISK MANAGEMENT | FISH | RENEWABLE RESOURCES | CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION | ECOLOGY | CARBON MARKET | MARGINAL COST | TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS | ANTARCTICA | OIL PRICES | SURFACE AREA | PROGRAMS | DRINKING WATER | RAINFALL | RISING SEA LEVELS | COST ESTIMATES | RESIDUAL DAMAGES | EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS | NITROGEN FERTILIZERS | CLIMATE FORECASTS | RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES | LAND VALUE | GLOBAL WARMING | VEGETATION | ENERGY INTENSITY | GENERATION CAPACITY | PFCS | WAGES | STORMS | TEMPERATURE | CLIMATE IMPACTS | COMMERCIAL FISHING | ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES | PRESENT VALUE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | CARBON ECONOMY | SEA LEVEL RISE | ARABLE LAND | ARID REGIONS | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | LAKES | COASTAL AREAS | MARINE ECOSYSTEMS | CLIMATE CENTER | PUBLIC EXPENDITURES | GREENHOUSE EFFECT | FISHERIES | UTILITIES | SAVINGS | EMISSION REDUCTIONS | ECOSYSTEM | CLIMATE TRENDS | ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION | REDUCING EMISSIONS | PER CAPITA ENERGY | SUSTAINABLE GROWTH | GDP | ALGAE | GREENHOUSE GASES | EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS | FARMS | AGRICULTURE | CLIMATIC CHANGES | N2O | TRADEOFFS | CLIMATE MODELS | RESERVOIRS | GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL | AMPHIBIANS | LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY | COAST WETLANDS | ELECTRICITY SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS | EQUILIBRIUM | IRREVERSIBILITY | ICE SHEETS | GASOLINE PRICES | RIVER | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | TROPICAL CYCLONES | WASTE DISPOSAL | CLIMATE-RELATED DISASTERS | EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS | INCOME | NATURAL GAS | AIR QUALITY | DESERTIFICATION | FORESTRY | FOSSIL FUELS | CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY | DAMAGE FROM HURRICANES | ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS | PLANT LIFE | IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE | SOCIAL COSTS | MARKET MECHANISM | WASTE MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL CRISIS | ENERGY SECURITY | RANGES | ECONOMIC SECTORS | GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS | HUMAN ACTIVITIES | CLIMATE ANALYSIS INDICATORS | PER CAPITA INCOME | WILDLIFE | NATURAL DISASTERS | WETLANDS | BIRDS | ECONOMIC RECOVERY | BIODIVERSITY | SURFACE TEMPERATURE | EMISSIONS SCENARIOS | DEFORESTATION | LAND USE | COAL | DROUGHT | IRRIGATION | WATERFOWL | WILLINGNESS TO PAY | CHANGES IN LAND USE | MARGINAL COSTS | METHANE EMISSIONS | METHANE | CLIMATE ANALYSIS | CLOUD BASE | EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE | REFORESTATION | PRECIPITATION PATTERNS | POWER GENERATION | EMISSIONS LEVELS | WIND POWER | GHGS | INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE | CARBON TAXES | FORESTS | PERFECT INFORMATION | BIOMASS | EMISSION GROWTH | AMAZONIAN RAINFOREST | CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS | RUNOFF | EMISSION TRAJECTORIES | CORAL REEFS | AGRICULTURAL LAND | AFFORESTATION | HFCS | CONSERVATION | CLIMATE SENSITIVITY | TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE | EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE CHANGE | ECONOMIC VALUE | HOUSING | CARBON ENERGY | RECYCLING | ECONOMIES OF SCALE | IPCC | SEASONAL PATTERN | ECONOMIC IMPACTS | FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE | GLOBAL EMISSION | FLOODS | POLICY MAKERS | CARBON TECHNOLOGIES | PRODUCTIVITY

iUsing a political-economic approach supplemented with insights from human ecology, this vo