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1. Full Text When the Most Potent Combination of Antibiotics Selects for the Greatest Bacterial Load: The Smile-Frown Transition
by Pena-Miller, Rafael and Laehnemann, David and Jansen, Gunther and Fuentes-Hernandez, Ayari and Rosenstiel, Philip and Schulenburg, Hinrich and Beardmore, Robert
PLoS Biology, ISSN 1544-9173, 04/2013, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. e1001540
Conventional wisdom holds that the best way to treat infection with antibiotics is to 'hit early and hit hard'. A favoured strategy is to deploy two... 
BETA-LACTAM | DRUG-COMBINATIONS | EVOLUTION | BAD BUGS | BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | ESCHERICHIA-COLI | EFFLUX PUMPS | SYNERGY | BIOLOGY | RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS | CHECKERBOARD | CHEMOTHERAPY | Bacterial Infections - drug therapy | Operon | Humans | Microbial Viability | Bacterial Load - drug effects | Drug Synergism | Microbial Sensitivity Tests | Algorithms | Escherichia coli K12 - drug effects | Models, Biological | Computer Simulation | Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology | Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide | Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial - genetics | Drug Therapy, Combination | Escherichia coli K12 - genetics | Evolution, Molecular | Studies | Confidence intervals | Bacteria | Evolution | Genomes | Mathematical models | Mutation | Drug resistance | Experiments
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2. Full Text Decade-long bacterial community dynamics in cystic fibrosis airways
by Jiangchao Zhao and Patrick D. Schloss and Linda M. Kalikin and Lisa A. Carmody and Bridget K. Foster and Joseph F. Petrosino and James D. Cavalcoli and Donald R. VanDevanter and Susan Murray and Jun Z. Li and Vincent B. Young and John J. LiPuma
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, 4/2012, Volume 109, Issue 15, pp. 5809 - 5814
The structure and dynamics of bacterial communities in the airways of persons with cystic fibrosis (CF) remain largely unknown. We characterized the bacterial... 
Community structure | Microbiota | Antibiotics | Lungs | Communities | Lung diseases | Sputum | Disease progression | Cystic fibrosis | Genetic diversity | Microbial ecology | Microbiome | SPUTUM | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | DIVERSITY | microbial ecology | microbiome | antibiotics | LUNG INFECTIONS | Sputum - microbiology | Lung - microbiology | Cystic Fibrosis - physiopathology | Humans | Aging - drug effects | Bacteria - drug effects | Male | Biodiversity | Bacterial Load - drug effects | Young Adult | Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use | Bacteria - growth & development | Sputum - drug effects | Bacteria - classification | Adult | Principal Component Analysis | Lung - pathology | Metagenome - drug effects | Cystic Fibrosis - microbiology | Lung - physiopathology | Disease Progression | Lung - drug effects | Adolescent | Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology | Respiratory Function Tests | Cystic Fibrosis - drug therapy | Physiological aspects | Development and progression | Health aspects | Antibacterial agents | Airway (Medicine) | Biological Sciences
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3. Full Text Long-term effects of inhaled corticosteroids on sputum bacterial and viral loads in COPD
by Contoli, Marco and Pauletti, Alessia and Rossi, Maria Rita and Spanevello, Antonio and Casolari, Paolo and Marcellini, Andrea and Forini, Giacomo and Gnesini, Giulia and Marku, Brunilda and Barnes, Neil and Rizzi, Andrea and Curradi, Giacomo and Caramori, Gaetano and Morelli, Paolo and Papi, Alberto
European Respiratory Journal, ISSN 0903-1936, 10/2017, Volume 50, Issue 4, pp. 1700451 - 1700451
Inhaled corticosteroid-containing medications reduce the frequency of COPD exacerbations (mainly infectious in origin) while paradoxically increasing the risk... 
MORTALITY | OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE | FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE | BLOOD EOSINOPHILS | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | EXACERBATIONS | INNATE | RISK | PNEUMONIA | PROTEINS | EXPRESSION | Sputum - microbiology | Glucocorticoids - administration & dosage | Bronchodilator Agents - administration & dosage | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - microbiology | Humans | Middle Aged | Male | Drug Monitoring - methods | Salmeterol Xinafoate - adverse effects | Bacterial Load - drug effects | Forced Expiratory Volume | Respiratory Tract Infections - microbiology | Long Term Adverse Effects - microbiology | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - blood | Bacterial Load - methods | Female | Eosinophils - pathology | Bronchodilator Agents - adverse effects | Fluticasone - adverse effects | Glucocorticoids - adverse effects | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - diagnosis | Administration, Inhalation | Treatment Outcome | Salmeterol Xinafoate - administration & dosage | Respiratory Tract Infections - diagnosis | Long Term Adverse Effects - diagnosis | Fluticasone - administration & dosage | Respiratory Function Tests | Viral Load - drug effects | Viral Load - methods | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - drug therapy | Respiratory therapy | Corticoids | Leukocytes (eosinophilic) | Propionic acid | Salmeterol | Microbiomes | Inflammation | Fluticasone | Inhalation | Respiratory tract | Sputum | Bacteria | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Long-term effects
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4. Full Text Prebiotic effects of wheat Arabinoxylan related to the increase in bifidobacteria, roseburia and bacteroides/prevotella in diet-induced obese mice
by Neyrinck, Audrey M and Possemiers, Sam and Druart, Céline and van de Wiele, Tom and de Backer, Fabienne and Cani, Patrice D and Larondelle, Yvan and Delzenne, Nathalie M
PLoS ONE, ISSN 1932-6203, 2011, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. e20944
Background: Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota - known as dysbiosis - has been proposed to contribute to the development of obesity, thereby... 
BACTERIAL COMMUNITY | INSULIN | IN-VITRO | LIPID-METABOLISM | PLASMA | MECHANISM | LINOLEIC-ACID | GLUCOSE | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | LIVER | GUT MICROBIOTA | Intestines - drug effects | Obesity - diet therapy | Molecular Weight | Xylans - pharmacology | Diet - adverse effects | Cholesterol - blood | Body Weight - drug effects | Male | Linoleic Acids, Conjugated - metabolism | Obesity - microbiology | Metagenome - physiology | Bacterial Load - drug effects | Subcutaneous Fat - metabolism | Prevotella - physiology | Subcutaneous Fat - drug effects | Obesity - etiology | Bifidobacterium - physiology | Biomarkers - metabolism | Dietary Fats - adverse effects | Metagenome - drug effects | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Bacteroides - physiology | Insulin Resistance | Obesity - metabolism | Prebiotics | Gene Expression Regulation - drug effects | Animals | Intestines - microbiology | Xylans - chemistry | Xylans - therapeutic use | Mice | Triticum - chemistry | Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) | Diet | Analysis | Body weight | Physiological aspects | Insulin resistance | Wheat | Fatty acids | Dysbacteriosis | Adipose tissue | Fat metabolism | Enzyme activity | Liver | Lipids | Glucose | Molecular weight | High fat diet | Proteins | Microbiota | Enzymatic activity | Rodents | Nutrients | Bacteria | Oxidation | Bioindicators | Colon | Lipid metabolism | Supplementation | Arabinoxylans | Food | Carbohydrates | Obesity | Dietary supplements | Polymerization | Inflammation | Ecology | Metabolism | Fermentation | Gene expression | Insulin | Body weight gain | Cholesterol | Studies | Nutrition research | Correlation analysis | Laboratory animals
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5. Full Text Metformin reduces airway glucose permeability and hyperglycaemia-induced Staphylococcus aureus load independently of effects on blood glucose
by Garnett, James P and Baker, Emma H and Naik, Sonam and Lindsay, Jodi A and Knight, Gwenan M and Gill, Simren and Tregoning, John S and Baines, Deborah L
Thorax, ISSN 0040-6376, 09/2013, Volume 68, Issue 9, pp. 835 - 845
Background Diabetes is a risk factor for respiratory infection, and hyperglycaemia is associated with increased glucose in airway surface liquid and risk of... 
TRANSPORT | HOMEOSTASIS | Respiratory Infection | ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | Bacterial Infection | INFLAMMATION | BARRIER | Airway Epithelium | COPD Exacerbations | RISK | Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid | Epithelial Cells - metabolism | Receptors, Leptin - genetics | Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor - metabolism | Epithelial Cells - drug effects | Pseudomonas aeruginosa - growth & development | Interleukin-1alpha - metabolism | Respiratory System - microbiology | Hyperglycemia - drug therapy | Bacterial Load - drug effects | Interleukin-6 - metabolism | Permeability - drug effects | Metformin - pharmacology | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Cells, Cultured | Pseudomonas aeruginosa - drug effects | Blood Glucose - drug effects | Receptors, Leptin - deficiency | Animals | Hyperglycemia - blood | Respiratory System - metabolism | Chemokine CXCL9 - metabolism | Mice | Blood Glucose - metabolism | Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects | Staphylococcus aureus - growth & development | Transforming Growth Factor beta - metabolism | Respiratory tract infections | Complications and side effects | Hyperglycemia | Causes of | Dosage and administration | Metformin | Drug therapy | Risk factors | Staphylococcus aureus | 1506
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6. Full Text Effect of cadexomer iodine on the microbial load and diversity of chronic non-healing diabetic foot ulcers complicated by biofilm in vivo
by Malone, M and Johani, K and Jensen, S.O and Gosbell, I.B and Dickson, H.G and McLennan, S and Hu, H and Vickery, K
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, ISSN 0305-7453, 07/2017, Volume 72, Issue 7, pp. 2093 - 2101
Objectives: The performance of cadexomer iodine was determined against microbial populations from chronic non-healing diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) complicated... 
DIAGNOSIS | INFECTIOUS DISEASES | INFECTIONS | TOBRAMYCIN | PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA | MICROBIOLOGY | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | CHRONIC WOUNDS | TIME | MODEL | COMBINATION | GUIDELINE | Anti-Infective Agents, Local - therapeutic use | Humans | Middle Aged | Bacteria - drug effects | Male | Bacterial Load - drug effects | Iodophors - administration & dosage | Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use | Genetic Variation - drug effects | Aged, 80 and over | Female | Iodophors - therapeutic use | Wound Healing - drug effects | Biofilms - drug effects | Diabetic Foot - complications | Bacterial Load - genetics | In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence | Diabetic Foot - microbiology | Bacteria - genetics | Pilot Projects | Anti-Infective Agents, Local - administration & dosage | Aged | High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing | Anti-Bacterial Agents - administration & dosage | Cohort Studies | Original Research
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7. Full Text Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model
by Sussan, Thomas E and Gajghate, Sachin and Thimmulappa, Rajesh K and Ma, Jinfang and Kim, Jung-Hyun and Sudini, Kuladeep and Consolini, Nicola and Cormier, Stephania A and Lomnicki, Slawo and Hasan, Farhana and Pekosz, Andrew and Biswal, Shyam
PLoS ONE, ISSN 1932-6203, 02/2015, Volume 10, Issue 2, pp. e0116861 - e0116861
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) have experienced sharp increases in popularity over the past five years due to many factors, including aggressive marketing,... 
SMOKE-INDUCED EMPHYSEMA | ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTORS | STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE | NICOTINE | CELL RESPONSE | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES | MICE | INFECTION | INFLUENZA-VIRUS | VIRUS M2 PROTEIN | Smoking - adverse effects | Lung - microbiology | Phagocytosis - drug effects | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - physiology | Male | Nicotine - adverse effects | Lung - virology | Animals | Free Radicals - analysis | Lung - drug effects | Volatilization | Nicotine - chemistry | Mice | Oxidative Stress - drug effects | Viral Load - drug effects | Lung - immunology | Streptococcus pneumoniae - physiology | Antiviral agents | Pneumonia | Electronic cigarettes | Analysis | Bacterial pneumonia | Health aspects | Antibacterial agents | Marketing | Smoking | Health sciences | Oxidative stress | Animal models | Immune clearance | Vapors | Viruses | Cytotoxicity | Infections | Macrophages | Antiinfectives and antibacterials | Smoking cessation | Microorganisms | Bacteria | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Cotinine | Alveoli | Public health | Immune system | Immune response | Free radicals | Bacterial infections | Cytokines | Environmental health | Antimicrobial agents | Inflammation | Exposure | Gene expression | Cigarette smoking | Cigarettes | Inhalation | Tobacco | Lungs | Influenza | Perception | In vivo methods and tests | Volatile organic compounds--VOCs | Respiration | Phagocytosis | Viral infections | Nicotine | Index Medicus | VOCs | Volatile organic compounds
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8. Full Text A dose-ranging trial to optimize the dose of rifampin in the treatment of tuberculosis
by Boeree, M.J and Diacon, A.H and Dawson, R and Narunsky, K and Bois, J. du and Venter, A and Phillips, P.P and Gillespie, S.H and McHugh, T.D and Hoelscher, M and Heinrich, N and Rehal, S and Soolingen, D. van and Ingen, J. van and Magis-Escurra Ibanez, C and Burger, D.M and Plemper van Balen, G and Aarnoutse, R.E and PanACEA Consortium
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, ISSN 1073-449X, 2015, Volume 191, Issue 9, pp. 1058 - 1065
RATIONALE: Rifampin at a dose of 10 mg/kg was introduced in 1971 based on pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and cost considerations. Available data in mice and humans... 
Antitubercular agents | Clinical trial | Drug therapy | Pharmacokinetics | Dose-response relationship | clinical trial | INFECTIONS | drug therapy | PHARMACOKINETIC VARIABILITY | SAFETY | EARLY BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY | RIFAPENTINE | MODEL | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | DRUGS | pharmacokinetics | PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS | RESISTANCE | antitubercular agents | dose-response relationship | PHASE-I | CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE | Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - microbiology | Rifampin - pharmacokinetics | Antibiotics, Antitubercular - pharmacokinetics | Humans | Middle Aged | Male | Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - drug therapy | Bacterial Load - drug effects | Isoniazid - administration & dosage | Young Adult | Drug Dosage Calculations | Adolescent | Adult | Female | Ethambutol - administration & dosage | Rifampin - administration & dosage | Drug Therapy, Combination | Antibiotics, Antitubercular - administration & dosage | Pyrazinamide - administration & dosage | Index Medicus | Abridged Index Medicus
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9. Full Text Interception of host angiogenic signalling limits mycobacterial growth
by Oehlers, Stefan H and Cronan, Mark R and Scott, Ninecia R and Thomas, Monica I and Okuda, Kazuhide S and Walton, Eric M and Beerman, Rebecca W and Crosier, Philip S and Tobin, David M
Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, 01/2015, Volume 517, Issue 7536, pp. 612 - 615
Pathogenic mycobacteria induce the formation of complex cellular aggregates called granulomas that are the hallmark of tuberculosis(1,2). Here we examine the... 
ZEBRAFISH EMBRYOS | TUBERCULOSIS | VEGF | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | MACROPHAGE | TISSUE | TUMOR | INFECTION | METRONIDAZOLE | INHIBITOR | GRANULOMA | Granuloma - metabolism | Tuberculosis - microbiology | Hypoxia - microbiology | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - metabolism | Zebrafish - microbiology | Mycobacterium marinum - pathogenicity | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - antagonists & inhibitors | Bacterial Load - drug effects | Hypoxia - metabolism | Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - pathology | Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor - metabolism | Larva - drug effects | Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - microbiology | Tuberculosis - drug therapy | Angiogenesis Inhibitors - therapeutic use | Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor - antagonists & inhibitors | Mycobacterium marinum - growth & development | Macrophages - microbiology | Neovascularization, Pathologic - microbiology | Disease Models, Animal | Mycobacterium marinum - drug effects | Tuberculosis - pathology | Granuloma - microbiology | Macrophages - pathology | Angiogenesis Inhibitors - pharmacology | Antibiotics, Antitubercular - pharmacology | Zebrafish - growth & development | Drug Synergism | Granuloma - pathology | Macrophages - metabolism | Animals | Signal Transduction - drug effects | Hypoxia - pathology | Neovascularization, Pathologic - drug therapy | Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - metabolism | Granuloma - drug therapy | Larva - microbiology | Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous - drug therapy | Granuloma | Mycobacterium | Mycobacteria | Cellular signal transduction | Research | Drug therapy | Health aspects | Risk factors | Angiogenesis | Signal transduction | Zebrafish | Bacteria | Hypoxia | Infections | Gene expression | Drug dosages | Veins & arteries
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10. Full Text Production of Organic Acids by Probiotic Lactobacilli Can Be Used to Reduce Pathogen Load in Poultry
by Neal-McKinney, Jason M and Lu, Xiaonan and Duong, Tri and Larson, Charles L and Call, Douglas R and Shah, Devendra H and Konkel, Michael E
PLoS ONE, ISSN 1932-6203, 09/2012, Volume 7, Issue 9, p. e43928
Probiotic Lactobacillus can be used to reduce the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in food animals, and therefore reduce the risk of foodborne illness to... 
TAXONOMY | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | BROILER-CHICKENS | SALMONELLA | PRIMALAC | COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION BACTERIA | GARLIC ALLIUM-SATIVUM | INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY | CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI COLONIZATION | IDENTIFICATION | MILK | Probiotics - administration & dosage | Campylobacter jejuni - growth & development | Microbial Viability - drug effects | Administration, Oral | Campylobacter Infections - veterinary | Coculture Techniques | Chickens - microbiology | Campylobacter Infections - microbiology | Lactobacillus - metabolism | Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared | Campylobacter Infections - prevention & control | Campylobacter jejuni - drug effects | Bacterial Load - drug effects | Animals | Poultry Diseases - prevention & control | Poultry Diseases - microbiology | Lactic Acid - biosynthesis | Probiotics - therapeutic use | Spectrum Analysis, Raman | Lactic Acid - pharmacology | Physiological aspects | Production management | Poultry industry | Wildlife conservation | Raman spectroscopy | Organic acids | Infrared spectroscopy | Veterinary colleges | Fourier transformation | Laboratories | Poultry | Microbiomes | Immunity | Business competition | Metabolites | Food borne diseases | Pathogens | Lactobacilli | Cecum | Risk reduction | Adaptive immunity | Metabolism | Acid production | Probiotics | Acids | Organic loading | Chickens | Lactic acid | Viability | Colonization | Indexing in process
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11. Full Text Determinants of PCR performance (Xpert MTB/RIF), including bacterial load and inhibition, for TB diagnosis using specimens from different body compartments
by Theron, Grant and Peter, Jonny and Calligaro, Greg and Meldau, Richard and Hanrahan, Colleen and Khalfey, Hoosain and Matinyenya, Brian and Muchinga, Tapuwa and Smith, Liezel and Pandie, Shaheen and Lenders, Laura and Patel, Vinod and Mayosi, Bongani M and Dheda, Keertan
Scientific Reports, ISSN 2045-2322, 07/2014, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 5658
The determinants of Xpert MTB/RIF sensitivity, a widely used PCR test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) are poorly understood. We compared culture... 
MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS | ASSAY | GENEXPERT MTB/RIF | RIFAMPIN RESISTANCE | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS | EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS | SAMPLES | PLEURAL TUBERCULOSIS | RAPID DIAGNOSIS | CULTURE | Sputum - microbiology | Tuberculosis - epidemiology | Lung - microbiology | Predictive Value of Tests | Prevalence | HIV Infections - epidemiology | Humans | Middle Aged | South Africa - epidemiology | Drug Resistance, Bacterial | Male | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction - standards | Antibiotics, Antitubercular - pharmacology | Mycobacterium tuberculosis - drug effects | Tuberculosis - diagnosis | Mycobacterium tuberculosis - isolation & purification | Bacterial Load - drug effects | Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid - microbiology | HIV Infections - diagnosis | Adult | Female | Aged | Lung - metabolism | Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid - chemistry | Polymerase chain reaction | Urine | Tuberculosis | Sputum | Tomography | Bronchus | Cerebrospinal fluid | Alveoli | Pleural fluid
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