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conferring resistance (202) 202
humans (192) 192
microbiology (166) 166
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drug resistance, bacterial - genetics (36) 36
base sequence (35) 35
drug-resistance (35) 35
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gene (29) 29
polymerase chain reaction (29) 29
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mutations (25) 25
amino acid sequence (24) 24
middle aged (24) 24
plant sciences (24) 24
cytomegalovirus - genetics (23) 23
escherichia coli - genetics (23) 23
health aspects (23) 23
identification (23) 23
life sciences (23) 23
mechanisms of resistance (23) 23
biochemistry & molecular biology (22) 22
plasmids (22) 22
sequence analysis, dna (22) 22
antimicrobial resistance (21) 21
biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition (21) 21
drug resistance, microbial (21) 21
viral nonstructural proteins - genetics (21) 21
23s ribosomal-rna (20) 20
bacteria (20) 20
conferring ganciclovir resistance (20) 20
cytomegalovirus - drug effects (20) 20
dependent rna-polymerase (20) 20
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resistance (19) 19
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gastroenterology & hepatology (18) 18
genes, bacterial (18) 18
hepacivirus - enzymology (18) 18
prevalence (18) 18
proteins (18) 18
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viruses (18) 18
candida albicans - drug effects (17) 17
saccharomyces-cerevisiae (17) 17
sequence (17) 17
anopheles (16) 16
azole antifungal agents (16) 16
dna, bacterial - genetics (16) 16
drug therapy (16) 16
fungal proteins - genetics (16) 16
hepatitis c (16) 16
immunology (16) 16
lincosamides (16) 16
macrolides - pharmacology (16) 16
phylogeny (16) 16
plasmid (16) 16
point mutation (16) 16
agronomy (15) 15
antibiotic resistance (15) 15
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1. Full Text Antiviral Drug Resistance of Human Cytomegalovirus
by Nell S. Lurain and Sunwen Chou
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, ISSN 0893-8512, 10/2010, Volume 23, Issue 4, pp. 689 - 712
Classifications Services CMR Citing Articles Google Scholar PubMed Related Content Social Bookmarking CiteULike Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit... 
DNA-POLYMERASE GENE | ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME | CONFERRING FOSCARNET RESISTANCE | AMINO-ACID CHANGES | REAL-TIME PCR | HERPES-SIMPLEX-VIRUS | OPEN READING FRAME | BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME | MICROBIOLOGY | UL97 PROTEIN-KINASE | STEM-CELL TRANSPLANTATION | Cytomegalovirus - genetics | Cytosine - analogs & derivatives | Genome, Viral | Antiviral Agents - pharmacology | Foscarnet - pharmacology | Organophosphonates - therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use | Humans | Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) - genetics | Sequence Analysis, DNA | Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) - metabolism | Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics | Organophosphonates - pharmacology | Cytomegalovirus Infections - drug therapy | Ganciclovir - therapeutic use | Ganciclovir - pharmacology | Cytosine - pharmacology | Cytosine - therapeutic use | Foscarnet - therapeutic use | DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase | Cytomegalovirus - drug effects | Reviews
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2. Full Text Molecular basis of human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance: An update
by Menéndez-Arias, Luis
Antiviral Research, ISSN 0166-3542, 2010, Volume 85, Issue 1, pp. 210 - 231
Antiretroviral therapy has led to a significant decrease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related mortality. Approved antiretroviral drugs target... 
Phosphorolysis | Thymidine analogues | Reverse transcriptase | HIV | DNA polymerase | Drug resistance | NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG INHIBITORS | DEPENDENT PRIMER UNBLOCKING | HIGH-LEVEL RESISTANCE | AMINO-ACID SUBSTITUTIONS | DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA | VIROLOGY | VIRAL REPLICATION CAPACITY | THYMIDINE NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS | TREATMENT-EXPERIENCED PATIENTS | MUTATIONS CONFERRING RESISTANCE | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | HIV-1 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE | Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology | Humans | Drug Resistance, Viral | Viral Proteins - genetics | HIV - genetics | Mutation, Missense | HIV - drug effects
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3. Full Text Genotypic Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drug Resistance
by Robert W. Shafer
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, ISSN 0893-8512, 04/2002, Volume 15, Issue 2, pp. 247 - 277
Classifications Services CMR Citing Articles Google Scholar PubMed Related Content Social Bookmarking CiteULike Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit... 
PATIENTS RECEIVING COMBINATIONS | ORALLY BIOAVAILABLE INHIBITOR | PROTEASE INHIBITOR THERAPY | ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HIGH-LEVEL RESISTANCE | IN-VITRO SELECTION | LINE PROBE ASSAY | MUTATIONS CONFERRING RESISTANCE | MICROBIOLOGY | HIV-1 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE | SAQUINAVIR-CONTAINING REGIMEN | Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology | HIV-1 - drug effects | HIV Infections - virology | Humans | HIV Protease - genetics | Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - pharmacology | Genotype | HIV Reverse Transcriptase - genetics | HIV-1 - genetics | Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics | Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use | HIV Infections - drug therapy | HIV-1 - enzymology | Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - therapeutic use | Drug Therapy, Combination | Microbial Sensitivity Tests - methods | Review
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4. Full Text Human cytomegalovirus antiviral drug resistance in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: current state of the art
by Campos, Ana Bela and Ribeiro, Joana and Boutolleau, David and Sousa, Hugo
Reviews in Medical Virology, ISSN 1052-9276, 05/2016, Volume 26, Issue 3, pp. 161 - 182
Summary Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. The... 
ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME | CONFERRING GANCICLOVIR RESISTANCE | IN-VITRO | VIROLOGY | IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS | BONE-MARROW-TRANSPLANTATION | DNA-POLYMERASE MUTATIONS | COMPOUND AIC246 LETERMOVIR | CMV INFECTION | MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE | UL97 PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE MUTATIONS | Cytomegalovirus - genetics | Antiviral Agents - pharmacology | Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use | Humans | Drug Resistance, Viral | Viral Proteins - genetics | Genotype | Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) - genetics | Cytomegalovirus Infections - immunology | Host-Pathogen Interactions - drug effects | DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase - genetics | Host-Pathogen Interactions - immunology | Cytomegalovirus - immunology | Phenotype | Cytomegalovirus Infections - drug therapy | Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - adverse effects | Cytomegalovirus Infections - virology | Disease Management | Mutation | Cytomegalovirus - drug effects | Antiviral agents | Stem cells | Development and progression | Cytomegalovirus infections | Transplantation | Drug resistance | Hematopoietic stem cells
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5. Full Text Predicting bacterial fitness cost associated with drug resistance
by Guo, Beining and Abdelraouf, Kamilia and Ledesma, Kimberly R and Nikolaou, Michael and Tam, Vincent H
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, ISSN 0305-7453, 4/2012, Volume 67, Issue 4, pp. 928 - 932
Objectives It has been proposed that antimicrobial resistance could be associated with a fitness cost in bacteria, which is often determined by competition... 
Biofitness | In vitro time growth | Modelling | Multidrug-resistant bacteria | INFECTIOUS DISEASES | multidrug-resistant bacteria | ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE | CONFERRING MUTATIONS | VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE | MICROBIOLOGY | BIOLOGICAL COST | modelling | biofitness | PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | in vitro time growth | STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS | MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE | Models, Theoretical | Acinetobacter baumannii - physiology | Energy Metabolism | Time Factors | Humans | Pseudomonas aeruginosa - growth & development | Drug Resistance, Bacterial | Pseudomonas aeruginosa - physiology | Bacterial Load | Acinetobacter baumannii - growth & development | Competition | Antibiotics | Growth rate | Abundance | Mathematical models | Colony-forming cells | Drug resistance | Fitness
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6. Full Text The emerging field of HCV drug resistance
by Koev, Gennadiy and Kati, Warren
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, ISSN 1354-3784, 03/2008, Volume 17, Issue 3, pp. 303 - 319
Background: With 170 million people infected worldwide and an inadequate current standard of care, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a major unmet... 
small molecule antivirals | HCV protease inhibitors | drug discovery | HCV polymerase inhibitors | HCV replicon | NS5A | NS5B | HCV | HCV drug resistance | antiviral therapy | NS3 | Antiviral therapy | Drug discovery | Small molecule antivirals | NS5B POLYMERASE | DEPENDENT RNA-POLYMERASE | HEPATITIS-C-VIRUS | HCVNS5B POLYMERASE | NS3/4A PROTEASE | PEG-INTERFERON-ALPHA-2A PEG-IFN | IN-VITRO | PROTEASE INHIBITOR TELAPREVIR | MUTATIONS CONFERRING RESISTANCE | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | SERINE-PROTEASE | Hepacivirus - drug effects | Antiviral Agents - pharmacology | Hepatitis C - drug therapy | Humans | Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology | Models, Molecular | Clinical Trials as Topic | Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics | Hepacivirus - enzymology | Drug Resistance, Viral - drug effects | Molecular Structure | Viral Nonstructural Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors | Binding Sites
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7. Full Text Hepatitis C virus drug resistance and immune‐driven adaptations: Relevance to new antiviral therapy
by Gaudieri, Silvana and Rauch, Andri and Pfafferott, Katja and Barnes, Eleanor and Cheng, Wendy and McCaughan, Geoff and Shackel, Nick and Jeffrey, Gary P and Mollison, Lindsay and Baker, Ross and Furrer, Hansjakob and Günthard, Huldrych F and Freitas, Elizabeth and Humphreys, Isla and Klenerman, Paul and Mallal, Simon and James, Ian and Roberts, Stuart and Nolan, David and Lucas, Michaela
Hepatology, ISSN 0270-9139, 04/2009, Volume 49, Issue 4, pp. 1069 - 1082
The efficacy of specifically targeted anti‐viral therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) (STAT‐C), including HCV protease and polymerase inhibitors, is limited by... 
NONNUCLEOSIDE POLYMERASE INHIBITOR | RESPONSES | NUCLEOSIDE | VARIANTS | RNA REPLICATION | MUTATIONS CONFERRING RESISTANCE | SENSITIVITY | HCV PROTEASE INHIBITOR | IDENTIFICATION | COMBINATION | GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY | Genome, Viral | Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use | Humans | Selection, Genetic | Adaptation, Biological | Hepacivirus - genetics | Hepatitis C, Chronic - virology | Molecular Sequence Data | Viral Nonstructural Proteins - genetics | Genotype | HLA Antigens - genetics | Hepatitis C, Chronic - complications | Amino Acids - genetics | Hepatitis C, Chronic - drug therapy | Genetic Variation | Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics | DNA Mutational Analysis | HIV Infections - complications | Hepatitis C, Chronic - immunology | Cohort Studies
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8. Full Text Preexisting drug-resistance mutations reveal unique barriers to resistance for distinct antivirals
by Margaret Robinson and Yang Tian and William E. Delaney and Andrew E. Greenstein
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, 6/2011, Volume 108, Issue 25, pp. 10290 - 10295
Clinical trials of direct-acting antiviral agents in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have demonstrated that viral resistance is... 
RNA | Cell lines | Antivirals | Fluorescence | Drug resistance | Dosage | Genetic mutation | Hepacivirus | Genotypes | Replicon | Evolution | Virology | NONNUCLEOSIDE POLYMERASE INHIBITOR | REPLICATION | TELAPREVIR | HEPATITIS-C VIRUS | MECHANISM | virology | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | SENSITIVITY | evolution | REPLICON VARIANTS | COMBINATION | CONFERRING RESISTANCE | Hepacivirus - drug effects | Cell Line | Antiviral Agents - pharmacology | Replicon - drug effects | Hepatitis C - drug therapy | Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use | Humans | Hepacivirus - genetics | Clinical Trials as Topic | Recombinant Fusion Proteins - metabolism | Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics | Recombinant Fusion Proteins - genetics | Mutation | Genes, Reporter | Replicon - genetics | Antiviral agents | Viral drug resistance | Microbial mutation | Genetic aspects | Research | Hepatitis C | Drug therapy | Health aspects | Biological Sciences
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9. Full Text Modeling Quasispecies and Drug Resistance in Hepatitis C Patients Treated with a Protease Inhibitor
by Rong, Libin and Ribeiro, Ruy M and Perelson, Alan S
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, ISSN 0092-8240, 8/2012, Volume 74, Issue 8, pp. 1789 - 1817
Telaprevir, a novel hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3-4A serine protease inhibitor, has demonstrated substantial antiviral activity in patients infected with HCV.... 
Direct-acting antiviral agents | Life Sciences, general | Mathematical and Computational Biology | Quasispecies | Mathematics | Telaprevir | Mutation | Mathematical model | Cell Biology | Fitness | VIRAL-RNA | VIRUS SERINE-PROTEASE | HCV PROTEASE | CONFERRING RESISTANCE | IN-VITRO | HIV-INFECTION | REPLICON CELLS | BIOLOGY | MATHEMATICAL & COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY | GENOTYPE 1 INFECTION | PEGYLATED INTERFERON-ALPHA-2B | ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT | Hepatitis C - drug therapy | Proline - analogs & derivatives | Humans | Drug Resistance, Viral | Hepacivirus - genetics | Hepatitis C - genetics | Oligopeptides - therapeutic use | Proline - therapeutic use | Hepacivirus - enzymology | Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted | Hepatitis C - virology | Hepatocytes - virology | Cell Proliferation - drug effects | Models, Genetic | Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use | Antiviral agents | Protease inhibitors | Analysis | Thrombin | Models | Drug resistance | Drug therapy | Hepatitis C virus | Hepatitis C | Anti-HIV agents | Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) | mathematical model | mutation | direct-acting antiviral agents | fitness | quasispecies
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10. Full Text Longitudinal whole genome analysis of pre and post drug treatment Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates reveals progressive steps to drug resistance
by Datta, Gargi and Nieto, Luisa M and Davidson, Rebecca M and Mehaffy, Carolina and Pederson, Caroline and Dobos, Karen M and Strong, Michael
Tuberculosis, ISSN 1472-9792, 2016, Volume 98, pp. 50 - 55
Summary Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death due to an infectious disease in the world. Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance has... 
Infectious Disease | Pulmonary/Respiratory | Drug resistance progression | Single nucleotide polymorphism | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Whole genome sequencing | Isoniazid | Rifampin | CATALASE-PEROXIDASE | STRAINS | TOXIN-ANTITOXIN SYSTEMS | CONFERRING MUTATIONS | MICROBIOLOGY | KATG | IMMUNOLOGY | DISCOVERY | ISONIAZID RESISTANCE | GENE | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | DNA | SEQUENCING DATA | Antitubercular Agents - adverse effects | Humans | Bacterial Proteins - chemistry | Tuberculosis - microbiology | Structure-Activity Relationship | Mycobacterium tuberculosis - drug effects | Tuberculosis - diagnosis | Microbial Sensitivity Tests | Mycobacterium tuberculosis - pathogenicity | Time Factors | DNA Mutational Analysis | Tuberculosis - drug therapy | Bacterial Toxins - genetics | Isoniazid - therapeutic use | Rifampin - therapeutic use | Antitubercular Agents - therapeutic use | Genome, Bacterial | Catalase - genetics | Bacterial Proteins - genetics | Models, Molecular | Genotype | Treatment Outcome | Bacterial Toxins - chemistry | Phenotype | Protein Conformation | Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide | Mutation | Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial - genetics | Catalase - chemistry | Mycobacterium tuberculosis - genetics | Medical colleges | Drug resistance in microorganisms | Biological products | Communicable diseases | Genomics | Genomes | Genetic polymorphisms | Tuberculosis | Codon | Analysis | Nucleotide sequencing | Drug therapy | DNA sequencing | Single nucleotide polymorphisms
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11. Full Text Mutations in the multi‐drug resistance regulator MRR1, followed by loss of heterozygosity, are the main cause of MDR1 overexpression in fluconazole‐resistant Candida albicans strains
by Dunkel, Nico and Blaß, Julia and Rogers, P. David and Morschhäuser, Joachim
Molecular Microbiology, ISSN 0950-382X, 08/2008, Volume 69, Issue 4, pp. 827 - 840
Summary Overexpression of the MDR1 gene, encoding a multi‐drug efflux pump of the major facilitator superfamily, is a major cause of resistance to the widely... 
ABC TRANSPORTERS CDR1 | CONTRIBUTE | VIRUS-INFECTED PATIENTS | BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | TRANSCRIPTION | GENE DISRUPTION | MICROBIOLOGY | DRUG-RESISTANCE | AZOLE ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS | UP-REGULATION | CONFERRING RESISTANCE | MOLECULAR-MECHANISMS | Antifungal Agents - pharmacology | Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal | Protein Structure, Tertiary | Promoter Regions, Genetic | Up-Regulation | Fluconazole - pharmacology | Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal - genetics | Transcriptional Activation | Molecular Sequence Data | Fungal Proteins - genetics | Transcription Factors - genetics | Loss of Heterozygosity | Candida albicans - genetics | Transcription Factors - metabolism | Candida albicans - drug effects | ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 - genetics | Recombination, Genetic | Base Sequence | Candida albicans - isolation & purification | Alleles | Genes, Regulator | Mutation | Fungal Proteins - metabolism | Gene mutations | Genetic aspects | Index Medicus
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