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1. Full Text Bones and cartilage
: developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology
by Hall, Brian K. 1941- (Brian Keith)
2005, ISBN 0123190606, 789
Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review ever assembled on the topic. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as... 
Bones | Physiology | Bone | Growth | Pre-clinical Medicine: Basic Sciences
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2. Full Text Potent inhibition of heterotopic ossification by nuclear retinoic acid receptor-γ agonists
by Shimono, Kengo and Tung, Wei-En and MacOlino, Christine and Chi, Amber Hsu-Tsai and Didizian, Johanna H and Mundy, Christina and Chandraratna, Roshantha A and Mishina, Yuji and Enomoto-Iwamoto, Motomi and Pacifici, Maurizio and Iwamoto, Masahiro
Nature Medicine, ISSN 1078-8956, 04/2011, Volume 17, Issue 4, pp. 454 - 460
Heterotopic ossification consists of ectopic bone formation within soft tissues after surgery or trauma. It can have debilitating consequences, but there is no... 
MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL | PROGRESSIVA | ENDOCHONDRAL BONE-FORMATION | BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | I RECEPTOR | IDENTIFICATION | VITAMIN-A | CELL BIOLOGY | MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN | SKELETOGENESIS | GROWTH | DIFFERENTIATION | ANTAGONISTS | Ossification, Heterotopic - drug therapy | Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - drug effects | Chondrogenesis - drug effects | Receptors, Retinoic Acid - deficiency | Ossification, Heterotopic - pathology | Humans | Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - metabolism | Activin Receptors, Type I - metabolism | Mice, Transgenic | Activin Receptors, Type I - genetics | Receptors, Retinoic Acid - genetics | Mice, Knockout | Bone Morphogenetic Proteins - metabolism | Animals | Signal Transduction - drug effects | Cell Differentiation - drug effects | Mice, Mutant Strains | Mice, Nude | Ossification, Heterotopic - metabolism | Receptors, Retinoic Acid - agonists | Mice | Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
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3. Full Text Cartilage‐specific β‐catenin signaling regulates chondrocyte maturation, generation of ossification centers, and perichondrial bone formation during skeletal development
by Dao, Debbie Y and Jonason, Jennifer H and Zhang, Yongchun and Hsu, Wei and Chen, Di and Hilton, Matthew J and O'Keefe, Regis J
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, ISSN 0884-0431, 08/2012, Volume 27, Issue 8, pp. 1680 - 1694
The WNT/β‐catenin signaling pathway is a critical regulator of chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation during multiple phases of cartilage and bone... 
β‐CATENIN | PERICHONDRIUM | CHONDROCYTE | SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT | CARTILAGE | β-CATENIN | ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION | TGF-BETA | BMP | ss-CATENIN | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | ARTICULAR CHONDROCYTES | GROWTH-FACTOR | DIFFERENTIATION | WNT | EXPRESSION | MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-2 | TRANSGENIC MICE | Chondrocytes - cytology | Osteogenesis - physiology | Signal Transduction | Hedgehog Proteins - metabolism | Cartilage - metabolism | beta Catenin - metabolism | Humerus - cytology | Animals | Embryo, Mammalian - cytology | Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 - metabolism | Cartilage - cytology | Humerus - embryology | Cell Differentiation | Mice | Smad Proteins - metabolism | Chondrocytes - metabolism | Osteoprogenitor cells | Animal models | Bone morphogenetic protein 2 | catenin | Data processing | Matrix metalloproteinase | Osteoblasts | Synergism | Ossification | Cartilage | Signal transduction | Osteoblastogenesis | Hedgehog protein | Chondrocytes | Bone morphogenetic proteins | vascularization | Transgenes | Bone (endochondral) | Osteogenesis | chondrocyte | perichondrium | skeletal development | cartilage
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4. Full Text Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase α (PI3Kα) prevents heterotopic ossification
by Valer, José Antonio and Sánchez‐de‐Diego, Cristina and Gámez, Beatriz and Mishina, Yuji and Rosa, José Luis and Ventura, Francesc
EMBO Molecular Medicine, ISSN 1757-4676, 09/2019, Volume 11, Issue 9, pp. e10567 - n/a
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the pathological formation of ectopic endochondral bone within soft tissues. HO occurs following mechanical trauma, burns, or... 
heterotopic ossification | bone | PI3K | fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva | bone morphogenetic protein | MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL | CELLS | PROGRESSIVA | MOUSE | RECEPTOR | P110-ALPHA ISOFORM | MICE LACKING | BONE-FORMATION | DIFFERENTIATION | PHASE-I | TOR protein | Smad protein | Phosphorylation | Transgenic mice | AKT protein | Inflammation | Myositis ossificans | Joint surgery | Kinases | Trauma | Bone surgery | Soft tissues | Proteins | Cartilage | Bone growth | Stem cells | Mutation | Activin | Ossification (ectopic) | Bone (endochondral) | Injuries | Chemical Biology | Genetics, Gene Therapy & Genetic Disease | Musculoskeletal System
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5. Full Text Dullard/Ctdnep1 Regulates Endochondral Ossification via Suppression of TGF‐β Signaling
by Hayata, Tadayoshi and Yoichi and Ezura and Asashima, Makoto and Nishinakamura, Ryuichi and Noda, Masaki
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, ISSN 0884-0431, 02/2015, Volume 30, Issue 2, pp. 318 - 329
ABSTRACT Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signaling plays critical roles during skeletal development and its excessive signaling causes genetic diseases of... 
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION | DULLARD/CTDNEP1 | TGF‐β | CHONDROCYTES | PRX1‐CRE | TGF-β | Dullard/Ctdnep1 | PRX1-CRE | Endochondral ossification | Chondrocytes | OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION | DULLARD | AORTIC-ANEURYSM | WEILL-MARCHESANI-SYNDROME | CHONDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION | CARTILAGE | CTDNEP1 | TGF | GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA | IN-VITRO | BONE-FORMATION | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | MUTATIONS | SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT | Signal Transduction | Cartilage - pathology | Homeodomain Proteins - metabolism | Phosphoprotein Phosphatases - metabolism | Male | Mesoderm - cytology | Cartilage - metabolism | Mice, Knockout | Animals | Limb Buds - metabolism | Calcification, Physiologic | Sternum - pathology | Integrases - metabolism | Cell Differentiation | Mesoderm - metabolism | Chondrogenesis | Transforming Growth Factor beta - metabolism | Osteogenesis
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6. Full Text Conserved signaling pathways underlying heterotopic ossification
by Kan, Chen and Chen, Lijun and Hu, Yangyang and Ding, Na and Lu, Haimei and Li, Yuyun and Kessler, John A and Kan, Lixin
Bone, ISSN 8756-3282, 2016, Volume 109, pp. 43 - 48
Abstract Heterotopic ossification (HO), a serious disorder of extra-skeletal bone formation, occurs as a common complication of trauma or in rare genetic... 
Orthopedics | Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) | Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) | Wnt/β-catenin | Conserved signaling pathways | Heterotopic ossification (HO) | Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) | Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) | Hedgehog (HH) | ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION | Transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-beta 3) | POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT | OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION | MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS | TOTAL HIP-ARTHROPLASTY | Wnt/beta-catenin | ECTOPIC BONE-FORMATION | GROWTH-FACTORS | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | PROGRESSIVE OSSEOUS HETEROPLASIA | SPINAL-CORD-INJURY | MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-2 | Myositis Ossificans - metabolism | Ossification, Heterotopic - pathology | Humans | Fibroblast Growth Factors - genetics | Signal Transduction - genetics | Fibroblast Growth Factors - metabolism | Bone Morphogenetic Proteins - metabolism | Animals | Transforming Growth Factor beta - genetics | Ossification, Heterotopic - metabolism | Myositis Ossificans - genetics | Signal Transduction - physiology | Ossification, Heterotopic - genetics | Bone Morphogenetic Proteins - genetics | Transforming Growth Factor beta - metabolism | Medical colleges | Growth factors | Analysis | β-catenin | Wnt
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7. Full Text The role of endothelial‐mesenchymal transition in heterotopic ossification
by Medici, Damian and Olsen, Bjorn R
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, ISSN 0884-0431, 08/2012, Volume 27, Issue 8, pp. 1619 - 1622
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a process by which bone forms in soft tissues, in response to injury, inflammation, or genetic disease. This usually occurs by... 
ENDMT | BMP | FOP | ENDOTHELIAL‐MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION | STEM CELLS | TGF‐BETA | EMT | HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION | FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA | ENDOTHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION | TGF-BETA | PROGENITOR CELLS | FIBROSIS | TRANSFORMATION | I RECEPTOR | FIBROBLASTS | SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION | SKELETOGENESIS | BONE-FORMATION | PROGRESSIVA FOP | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | CONTRIBUTES | Endothelium - pathology | Ossification, Heterotopic - therapy | Animals | Ossification, Heterotopic - pathology | Models, Biological | Humans | Mesoderm - pathology | Bone morphogenetic proteins | Genetic disorders | Stem cells | Endothelium | Mesenchyme | Inflammation | Myositis ossificans | Osteoblasts | Endothelial cells | Ossification | Soft tissues | Cartilage | Osteoblastogenesis | Chondrocytes | Microenvironments | Skeleton | Mutation | Chondrogenesis | Differentiation | Bone (endochondral) | Ossification (ectopic) | Injuries | endothelial-mesenchymal transition | stem cells | TGF-beta | fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva | heterotopic ossification | EndMT
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8. Full Text Targeted stimulation of retinoic acid receptor-γ mitigates the formation of heterotopic ossification in an established blast-related traumatic injury model
by Pavey, Gabriel J and Qureshi, Ammar T and Tomasino, Allison M and Honnold, Cary L and Bishop, Danett K and Agarwal, Shailesh and Loder, Shawn and Levi, Benjamin and Pacifici, Maurizio and Iwamoto, Masahiro and Potter, Benjamin K and Davis, Thomas A and Forsberg, Jonathan A
Bone, ISSN 8756-3282, 2016, Volume 90, pp. 159 - 167
Abstract Heterotopic ossification (HO) involves formation of endochondral bone at non-skeletal sites, is prevalent in severely wounded service members, and... 
Orthopedics | Animal model | Bioburden | Retinoic acid receptor-γ agonist | Endochondral ossification | Traumatic extremity injury | Prophylaxis | Heterotopic ossification | Blast overpressure exposure | RISK-FACTORS | DRUG-DELIVERY | Retinoic acid receptor-gamma agonist | WOUND-HEALING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | SPINAL-CORD | PREVALENCE | VITAMIN-A | SKELETOGENESIS | BONE-FORMATION | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | COMBAT-RELATED AMPUTATIONS | CHONDROGENESIS | Ossification, Heterotopic - drug therapy | Chondrogenesis - drug effects | Pyrazoles - therapeutic use | Ossification, Heterotopic - pathology | Stilbenes - therapeutic use | Wounds and Injuries - pathology | Chondrogenesis - genetics | Osteogenesis - drug effects | Wounds and Injuries - complications | Male | Receptors, Retinoic Acid - metabolism | Stilbenes - pharmacology | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Blast Injuries - drug therapy | Blast Injuries - pathology | Gene Expression Regulation - drug effects | Animals | Blast Injuries - complications | Wounds and Injuries - drug therapy | Wound Healing - drug effects | Osteogenesis - genetics | Disease Models, Animal | Pyrazoles - pharmacology | traumatic extremity injury | retinoic acid receptor-γ | bioburden | agonist | endochondral ossification | animal model | blast overpressure exposure | prophylaxis
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9. Full Text Cellular Hypoxia Promotes Heterotopic Ossification by Amplifying BMP Signaling
by Wang, Haitao and Lindborg, Carter and Lounev, Vitali and Kim, Jung‐Hoon and McCarrick‐Walmsley, Ruth and Xu, Meiqi and Mangiavini, Laura and Groppe, Jay C and Shore, Eileen M and Schipani, Ernestina and Kaplan, Frederick S and Pignolo, Robert J
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, ISSN 0884-0431, 09/2016, Volume 31, Issue 9, pp. 1652 - 1665
ABSTRACT Hypoxia and inflammation are implicated in the episodic induction of heterotopic endochondral ossification (HEO); however, the molecular mechanisms... 
CELL/TISSUE SIGNALING | PRECLINICAL STUDIES | FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA | Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva | Preclinical studies | Cell/tissue signaling | INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1-ALPHA | INTRINSIC PONTINE GLIOMA | ENDOCHONDRAL BONE-FORMATION | ACTIVATING ACVR1 MUTATIONS | I RECEPTOR | TISSUE SIGNALING | CANCER-THERAPY | GENOMIC LANDSCAPE | PROGRESSIVA FOP | ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | STEM-CELL | CELL | Inflammation - pathology | Ossification, Heterotopic - pathology | Signal Transduction | Humans | Tooth, Deciduous - pathology | Activin Receptors, Type I - metabolism | Male | Mice, Transgenic | Stem Cells - metabolism | Endosomes - metabolism | Cell Hypoxia | Bone Morphogenetic Proteins - metabolism | Animals | Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit - metabolism | Models, Biological | Ossification, Heterotopic - metabolism | Stem Cells - pathology | Female | Ligands | Myositis Ossificans - pathology | Tooth Exfoliation - pathology | Chondrogenesis | Disease Models, Animal | Bone morphogenetic proteins | Analysis | tissue signaling | Cell
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10. Full Text Treatment of heterotopic ossification through remote ATP hydrolysis
by Peterson, JR and De La Rosa, S and Eboda, O and Cilwa, KE and Agarwal, S and Buchman, SR and Cederna, PS and Xi, CW and Morris, MD and Herndon, DN and Xiao, WZ and Tompkins, RG and Krebsbach, PH and Wang, SC and Levi, B
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE, ISSN 1946-6234, 09/2014, Volume 6, Issue 255
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the pathologic development of ectopic bone in soft tissues because of a local or systemic inflammatory insult, such as burn... 
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION | MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL | STEM-CELLS | IN-VITRO | PROGRESSIVA | BONE-FORMATION | OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION | ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION | MODEL | BURNS | TRAUMA | CELL BIOLOGY
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11. Full Text Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are impaired differently between glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis
by Zhang, Hongyang and Shi, Xiaojuan and Wang, Long and Li, Xiaojie and Zheng, Chao and Gao, Bo and Xu, Xiaolong and Lin, Xisheng and Wang, Jinpeng and Lin, Yangjing and Shi, Jun and Huang, Qiang and Luo, Zhuojing and Yang, Liu
Scientific Reports, ISSN 2045-2322, 12/2018, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 3867 - 13
A fracture is the most dangerous complication of osteoporosis in patients because the associated disability and mortality rates are high. Osteoporosis impairs... 
UNITED-STATES | FRACTURE | IN-VITRO | BONE-FORMATION | TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR OSTERIX | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | OSTEOBLASTS | OSTEOGENESIS | MECHANISMS | POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN | MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS | Osteoporosis | Glucocorticoids | Periosteum | Bone healing | Bone (endochondral) | Hypertrophy | Ossification
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