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1. Full Text Pericardial fat, visceral abdominal fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and vascular calcification in a community-based sample the framingham heart study
by Rosito, Guido A and Massaro, Joseph M and Hoffmann, Udo and Ruberg, Frederick L and Mahabadi, Amir A and Vasan, Ramachandran S and O'Donnell, Christopher J and Fox, Caroline S
Circulation, ISSN 0009-7322, 02/2008, Volume 117, Issue 5, pp. 605 - 613
Background - Pericardial fat may be an important mediator of metabolic risk. Correlations with cardiovascular disease risk factors and vascular calcification... 
Myocardial infarction | Prevention | Population | Epidemiology | Risk factors | risk factors | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | pericardium | JAPANESE-AMERICANS | COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY | epidemiology | WOMEN | INSULIN-RESISTANCE | MEN | PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE | EPICARDIAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE | ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY | HYPERTENSION | HEMATOLOGY | ASSOCIATION | obesity | CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE | Heart | Calcinosis - complications | Health Surveys | Risk Factors | Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology | Abdomen | Adipose Tissue - anatomy & histology | Adipose tissues | Physiological aspects | Calcification | Metabolic diseases | Research | Coronary heart disease | Pericardium | Index Medicus | Abridged Index Medicus
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2. Full Text Effects of bariatric surgery on cardiac ectopic fat: Lesser decrease in epicardial fat compared to visceral fat loss and no change in myocardial triglyceride content
by Gaborit, Bénédicte and Jacquier, Alexis and Kober, Frank and Abdesselam, Ines and Cuisset, Thomas and Boullu-Ciocca, Sandrine and Emungania, Olivier and Alessi, Marie-Christine and Clément, Karine and Bernard, Monique and Dutour, Anne
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, ISSN 0735-1097, 10/2012, Volume 60, Issue 15, pp. 1381 - 1389
Objectives: This study investigated the effect of bariatric surgery (BS)-induced weight loss on cardiac ectopic fat using 3T magnetic resonance imaging in... 
magnetic resonance imaging | pericardium metabolism | bariatric surgery | epicardial fat | myocardial fat | visceral abdominal fat | myocardial triglyceride content | proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy | obesity | pericardium physiology/pathology | METABOLIC SYNDROME | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE | WEIGHT-LOSS | ABDOMINAL OBESITY | PERICARDIAL FAT | SEVERELY OBESE SUBJECTS | CALORIC RESTRICTION | TYPE-2 DIABETES-MELLITUS | CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE | ADIPOSE-TISSUE | Follow-Up Studies | Heart Diseases - metabolism | Obesity, Morbid - surgery | Humans | Male | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Pericardium - metabolism | Pericardium - pathology | Myocardium - metabolism | Adult | Female | Retrospective Studies | Obesity, Morbid - metabolism | Bariatric Surgery | Body Mass Index | Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | Risk Factors | Lipid Metabolism | Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine | Obesity, Morbid - diagnosis | Obesity, Morbid - complications | Triglycerides - metabolism | Heart Diseases - diagnosis | Intra-Abdominal Fat - diagnostic imaging | Heart Diseases - etiology | Intra-Abdominal Fat - pathology | Index Medicus | Abridged Index Medicus
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3. Full Text Pericardial Fat, Intrathoracic Fat, and Measures of Left Ventricular Structure and Function The Framingham Heart Study
by Fox, CS and Gona, P and Hoffmann, U and Porter, SA and Salton, CJ and Massaro, JM and Levy, D and Larson, MG and D'Agostino, RB and O'Donnell, CJ and Manning, WJ
CIRCULATION, ISSN 0009-7322, 03/2009, Volume 119, Issue 12, pp. 1586 - 1591
Background-Pericardial fat has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-related cardiovascular disease. Whether the associations of pericardial fat and... 
magnetic resonance imaging | risk factors | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | RISK-FACTORS | OBESE SUBJECTS | pericardium | WEIGHT-LOSS | COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY | epidemiology | MASS | CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE | PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE | EPICARDIAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE | ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY | HEMATOLOGY | obesity | MORPHOLOGY | THICKNESS | Body Mass Index | Obesity | Intra-Abdominal Fat | Humans | Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular - etiology | Middle Aged | Ventricular Dysfunction, Left - etiology | Male | Thorax | Pericardium | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Adiposity | Tomography | Adult | Female | Body Fat Distribution | Adipose tissues | Physiological aspects | Research | Epidemiology | Heart ventricle, Left | Index Medicus | Abridged Index Medicus
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4. Full Text Association of pericardial fat, intrathoracic fat, and visceral abdominal fat with cardiovascular disease burden: the Framingham Heart Study
by Mahabadi, Amir A and Massaro, Joseph M and Rosito, Guido A and Levy, Daniel and Murabito, Joanne M and Wolf, Philip A and O'Donnell, Christopher J and Fox, Caroline S and Hoffmann, Udo
European Heart Journal, ISSN 0195-668X, 4/2009, Volume 30, Issue 7, pp. 850 - 856
Aims The aim of this study was to assess whether pericardial fat, intrathoracic fat, and visceral abdominal adipose tissue (VAT) are associated with the... 
Pericardial fat | Cardiovascular disease | Framingham Heart Study | Epidemiology | Visceral abdominal fat | C-REACTIVE PROTEIN | METABOLIC SYNDROME | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | RISK-FACTORS | OBESITY | ADIPONECTIN | INSULIN-RESISTANCE | EPICARDIAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE | PLASMA-PROTEIN | CELL | CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE | Body Mass Index | Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology | Prevalence | Cross-Sectional Studies | Obesity - complications | Humans | Middle Aged | Risk Factors | Male | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Adipose Tissue - diagnostic imaging | Intra-Abdominal Fat - diagnostic imaging | Cardiovascular Diseases - diagnostic imaging | Sex Factors | Female | Pericardium - diagnostic imaging | Aged | Obesity - diagnostic imaging | Index Medicus | Clinical Research
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5. Full Text Dynamics of intrapericardial and extrapericardial fat tissues during long-term, dietary-induced, moderate weight loss
by Tsaban, Gal and Wolak, Arik and Avni-Hassid, Hila and Gepner, Yftach and Shelef, Ilan and Henkin, Yaakov and Schwarzfuchs, Dan and Cohen, Noa and Bril, Nitzan and Rein, Michal and Serfaty, Dana and Kenigsbuch, Shira and Tene, Lilac and Zelicha, Hila and Yaskolka-Meir, Anat and Komy, Oded and Bilitzky, Avital and Chassidim, Yoash and Ceglarek, Uta and Stumvoll, Michael and Blüher, Matthias and Thiery, Joachim and Dicker, Dror and Rudich, Assaf and Stampfer, Meir J and Shai, Iris
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, ISSN 0002-9165, 10/2017, Volume 106, Issue 4, pp. 984 - 995
Abstract Background: In view of evidence linking pericardial fat accumulation with increased cardiovascular disease risk, strategies to reduce its burden are... 
Extrapericardial fat | Intrapericardial fat | Mediterranean diet | Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | Low-fat diet | RISK-FACTORS | cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | MRI | intrapericardial fat | low-fat diet | INTRATHORACIC FAT | NUTRITION & DIETETICS | VISCERAL ABDOMINAL FAT | PERICARDIAL FAT | CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE | BARIATRIC SURGERY | EPICARDIAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE | extrapericardial fat | GENETIC VARIANT | SUBCUTANEOUS FAT | Obesity - diet therapy | Dietary Fats - metabolism | Intra-Abdominal Fat | Nuts | Diet, Mediterranean | Humans | Middle Aged | Male | Pericardium - metabolism | Obesity - blood | Adipose Tissue - metabolism | Adiposity | Dietary Fats - pharmacology | Lipids - blood | Dietary Fats - administration & dosage | Adult | Female | Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted | Body Mass Index | Dietary Carbohydrates - administration & dosage | Obesity, Abdominal - diet therapy | Dietary Carbohydrates - pharmacology | Obesity, Abdominal - blood | Waist Circumference | Diet, Fat-Restricted | Diet, Reducing - methods | Weight Loss - physiology | Heart | Medical research | Fat cells | Fat metabolism | Low-carbohydrate diet | Physiological aspects | Medicine, Experimental | Research | Health aspects | Intervention | Adipose tissues | Carbohydrates | Walnuts | Adipose tissue | Body fat | Weight loss | Health risks | Triglycerides | Body weight loss | Tissues | Cholesterol | Variables | Tissue | Body mass index | Weight control | Diet | Magnetic resonance imaging | Body mass | Body size | Weight reduction | Fats | Cardiovascular diseases | Lipoproteins (high density) | Index Medicus | Abridged Index Medicus
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6. Full Text Proinflammatory Phenotype of Perivascular Adipocytes: Influence of High-Fat Feeding
by Chatterjee, Tapan K and Stoll, Lynn L and Denning, Gerene M and Harrelson, Allan and Blomkalns, Andra L and Idelman, Gila and Rothenberg, Florence G and Neltner, Bonnie and Romig-Martin, Sara A and Dickson, Eric W and Rudich, Steven and Weintraub, Neal L
Circulation Research, ISSN 0009-7330, 02/2009, Volume 104, Issue 4, pp. 541 - 549
Adipose tissue depots originate from distinct precursor cells, are functionally diverse, and modulate disease processes in a depot-specific manner. However,... 
Adventitia | Perivascular adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Cytokines | Adipokines | perivascular adipose tissue | METABOLIC SYNDROME | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | adventitia | MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS | IDENTIFICATION | OBESITY | INSULIN-RESISTANCE | INFLAMMATION | DISEASE | PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE | adipokines | cytokines | EPICARDIAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE | HEMATOLOGY | adipocytes | EXPRESSION | CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha - metabolism | Humans | Male | Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins - metabolism | PPAR gamma - metabolism | Subcutaneous Fat - immunology | Time Factors | Cell Shape | Inflammation Mediators - metabolism | Adiponectin - metabolism | Models, Animal | Chemokine CCL2 - metabolism | Interleukin-8 - metabolism | Adipogenesis - genetics | Interleukin-6 - metabolism | Adipocytes - immunology | Adipose Tissue, Brown - immunology | Intra-Abdominal Fat - immunology | Dietary Fats - adverse effects | Atherosclerosis - immunology | Aorta, Thoracic - immunology | Connective Tissue - pathology | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Cells, Cultured | Gene Expression Regulation | Connective Tissue - immunology | Coronary Vessels - immunology | Inflammation - immunology | Adipocytes - pathology | Subcutaneous Fat - pathology | Phenotype | Animals | Mice | Intra-Abdominal Fat - pathology | Index Medicus
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7. Full Text Association Between the Presence or Severity of Coronary Artery Disease and Pericardial Fat, Paracardial Fat, Epicardial Fat, Visceral Fat, and Subcutaneous Fat as Assessed by Multi-Detector Row Computed Tomography
by Ueda, Yoko and Shiga, Yuhei and Idemoto, Yoshiaki and Tashiro, Kohei and Motozato, Kota and Koyoshi, Rie and Kuwano, Takashi and Fujimi, Kanta and Ogawa, Masahiro and Saku, Keijiro and Miura, Shin-ichiro
International Heart Journal, ISSN 1349-2365, 2018, Volume 59, Issue 4, pp. 695 - 704
The associations between the presence or severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and measurements of various kinds of fat as assessed by multidetector row... 
Epicardial fat index | Pericardial fat index | Subcutaneous fat index | Paracardial fat index | Visceral fat index | WOMEN | OBESITY | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | ATHEROSCLEROSIS | CALCIFICATION | CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS | ADIPOSE-TISSUE | C-reactive protein | Computed tomography | Diabetes mellitus | Coronary vessels | Coronary artery | Tomography | Cardiovascular disease | Plasma levels | Heart diseases | Sexually-transmitted diseases | Adiponectin
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8. Full Text Pericardial Fat and CVD: Is All Fat Created Equally?
by Lavie, Carl J and Oktay, Ahmet AfÅŸin and Pandey, Ambarish
JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, ISSN 1936-878X, 09/2017, Volume 10, Issue 9, pp. 1028 - 1030
metabolic syndrome | adiposity | cardiac MRI | obesity | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | RISK-FACTORS | HEART-FAILURE | CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS | EPICARDIAL FAT | LEFT-VENTRICULAR STRUCTURE | DISEASE | HYPERTENSION | ASSOCIATION | RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Adipose Tissue | Humans | Atherosclerosis | Pericardium | Index Medicus
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9. Full Text Relation of Pericardial Fat, Intrathoracic Fat, and Abdominal Visceral Fat With Incident Atrial Fibrillation (from the Framingham Heart Study)
by Lee, Jane J., PhD and Yin, Xiaoyan, PhD and Hoffmann, Udo, MD, MPH and Fox, Caroline S., MD, MPH and Benjamin, Emelia J., MD, ScD
American Journal of Cardiology, The, ISSN 0002-9149, 2016, Volume 118, Issue 10, pp. 1486 - 1492
Obesity is associated with increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF). Different fat depots may have differential associations with cardiac... 
Cardiovascular | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | RISK-FACTORS | VOLUME | CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE | ABLATION | EPICARDIAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE | INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES | ASSOCIATION | Body Mass Index | Follow-Up Studies | Obesity - complications | Humans | Middle Aged | Risk Factors | Multidetector Computed Tomography - methods | Male | Adipose Tissue - diagnostic imaging | Massachusetts - epidemiology | Incidence | Thoracic Cavity - diagnostic imaging | Intra-Abdominal Fat - diagnostic imaging | Atrial Fibrillation - epidemiology | Heart Conduction System - physiopathology | Time Factors | Atrial Fibrillation - etiology | Female | Obesity - diagnosis | Pericardium - diagnostic imaging | Aged | Retrospective Studies | Atrial Fibrillation - diagnosis | Heart | Obesity | Epidemiology | Analysis | Atrial fibrillation | Risk factors | Body mass index | Cardiac arrhythmia | Health risk assessment | Abdomen | Index Medicus | Abridged Index Medicus | epidemiology | ectopic cardiac fat | atrial fibrillation | pericardium
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10. Full Text Pericardial Fat Is Associated With Prevalent Atrial Fibrillation: The Framingham Heart Study
by Thanassoulis, George and Massaro, Joseph M and OʼDonnell, Christopher J and Hoffmann, Udo and Levy, Daniel and Ellinor, Patrick T and Wang, Thomas J and Schnabel, Renate B and Vasan, Ramachandran S and Fox, Caroline S and Benjamin, Emelia J
Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, ISSN 1941-3149, 08/2010, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp. 345 - 350
BACKGROUND—Obesity represents an important risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). We tested the hypothesis that pericardial fat, a unique fat deposit in... 
Pericardial adipose tissue | Obesity | Epidemiology | Atrial fibrillation | Risk factor | INTERATRIAL SEPTUM | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | OBESE SUBJECTS | WEIGHT-LOSS | LIPOMATOUS HYPERTROPHY | risk factor | MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES | epidemiology | atrial fibrillation | VISCERAL ABDOMINAL FAT | P-WAVE DISPERSION | EPICARDIAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE | pericardial adipose tissue | obesity | CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE | CLINICAL-SIGNIFICANCE | Prevalence | Humans | Middle Aged | Adipose Tissue - physiopathology | Male | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Atrial Fibrillation - physiopathology | Adiposity | Time Factors | Adult | Female | Odds Ratio | Obesity - diagnostic imaging | Cross-Sectional Studies | Risk Assessment | Obesity - complications | Risk Factors | Logistic Models | Obesity - physiopathology | Adipose Tissue - diagnostic imaging | Pericardium | Atrial Fibrillation - diagnostic imaging | Atrial Fibrillation - epidemiology | Obesity - epidemiology | Atrial Fibrillation - etiology | Index Medicus | adipose tissue | pericardial
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11. Full Text The association of pericardial fat with incident coronary heart disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
by Ding, Jingzhong and Hsu, Fang-Chi and Harris, Tamara B and Liu, Yongmei and Kritchevsky, Stephen B and Szklo, Moyses and Ouyang, Pamela and Espeland, Mark A and Lohman, Kurt K and Criqui, Michael H and Allison, Matthew and Bluemke, David A and Carr, J. Jeffrey
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, ISSN 0002-9165, 09/2009, Volume 90, Issue 3, pp. 499 - 504
Background: Pericardial fat (ie, fat around the heart) may have a direct role in the atherosclerotic process in coronary arteries through local release of... 
WOMEN | OBESITY | NUTRITION & DIETETICS | RISK-FACTORS | IN-VIVO | MEN | CALCIFICATION | EPICARDIAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE | PLAQUE | THICKNESS | ARTERY-DISEASE | Body Mass Index | Humans | Middle Aged | Risk Factors | Coronary Disease - etiology | Atherosclerosis - complications | Coronary Disease - epidemiology | Male | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Adipose Tissue - diagnostic imaging | Atherosclerosis - ethnology | Case-Control Studies | Incidence | Waist Circumference | Atherosclerosis - diagnostic imaging | Coronary Disease - diagnostic imaging | Aged, 80 and over | Female | Pericardium - diagnostic imaging | Aged | Cohort Studies | Adipose tissues | Coronary heart disease | Health aspects | Risk factors | Heart | Ethnicity | Body fat | Cytokines | Arteriosclerosis | Cardiovascular disease | Cardiology | Index Medicus | Abridged Index Medicus
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12. Full Text Association Between the Presence or Severity of Coronary Artery Disease and Pericardial Fat, Paracardial Fat, Epicardial Fat, Visceral Fat, and Subcutaneous Fat as Assessed by Multi-Detector Row Computed Tomography
by Ueda, Yoko and Shiga, Yuhei and Idemoto, Yoshiaki and Tashiro, Kohei and Motozato, Kota and Koyoshi, Rie and Kuwano, Takashi and Fujimi, Kanta and Ogawa, Masahiro and Saku, Keijiro and Miura, Shin-ichiro
International Heart Journal, ISSN 1349-2365, 2018
The associations between the presence or severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and measurements of various kinds of fat as assessed by multidetector row... 
Epicardial fat index | Subcutaneous fat index | Paracardial fat index | Visceral fat index | Pericardial fat index
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13. Full Text Epicardial Fat: Pathophysiology and Clinical Significance
by Douglass, Elijah and Greif, Shana and Frishman, William
Cardiology in Review, ISSN 1061-5377, 05/2017, Volume 25, Issue 5, pp. 230 - 235
Over the last decade and a half there has been much interest in understanding the role of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) in cardiac pathology. EAT is a... 
computed tomography | coronary artery disease | epicardial adipose tissue | echocardiography | METABOLIC SYNDROME | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | VISCERAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE | CARDIAC MAGNETIC-RESONANCE | COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY | PERICARDIAL FAT | BARIATRIC SURGERY | MYOCARDIAL BRIDGE | POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN | CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE | CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS
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14. Full Text Ectopic and Visceral Fat Deposition in Lean and Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
by Levelt, Eylem, MBBS, DPhil and Pavlides, Michael, MBBS and Banerjee, Rajarshi, BMBCh, DPhil and Mahmod, Masliza, DPhil and Kelly, Catherine, PhD and Sellwood, Joanna, BSc and Ariga, Rina, MBBS, BSc and Thomas, Sheena, PgC, BsC, BA and Francis, Jane, DCR(R), DNM and Rodgers, Christopher, MChem, DPhil and Clarke, William, MChem and Sabharwal, Nikant, BSc, BM, BCh, DM and Antoniades, Charalambos, MD, PhD and Schneider, Jurgen, PhD and Robson, Matthew, PhD and Clarke, Kieran, PhD and Karamitsos, Theodoros, MD, PhD and Rider, Oliver, BMBCh, DPhil and Neubauer, Stefan, MD
JACC (Journal of the American College of Cardiology), ISSN 0735-1097, 2016, Volume 68, Issue 1, pp. 53 - 63
Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiomyopathy, and cardiovascular mortality. Both... 
Cardiovascular | Internal Medicine | magnetic resonance spectroscopy | magnetic resonance imaging | diabetic cardiomyopathy | epicardial fat deposition | fatty liver disease | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | Fatty liver disease | Magnetic resonance imaging | Epicardial fat deposition | MORTALITY | CARDIAC STEATOSIS | CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS | CARDIOMYOPATHY | LIVER-DISEASE | HEART | INSULIN-RESISTANCE | CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE | EPICARDIAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE | HEPATIC TRIGLYCERIDE CONTENT | MULTIPARAMETRIC MAGNETIC-RESONANCE | Liver - pathology | Fatty Liver - metabolism | Fatty Liver - pathology | Obesity - complications | Humans | Middle Aged | Adipose Tissue - pathology | Insulin Resistance | Male | Thinness | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - metabolism | Obesity - metabolism | Obesity - pathology | Pericardium - pathology | Female | Intra-Abdominal Fat - pathology | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications | Fatty Liver - etiology | Type 2 diabetes | Obesity | Research institutes | Mortality | Liver | Cardiovascular agents | Body mass index | Insulin resistance | Blood pressure | Nuclear magnetic resonance--NMR | Index Medicus | Abridged Index Medicus | PCr, phosphocreatine | CT, computed tomography | HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | 1H-MRS, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy | NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | MR, magnetic resonance | T2D, type 2 diabetes | Ln-T2D, lean patients with type 2 diabetes | BMI, body mass index | LV, left ventricular | MRI, magnetic resonance imaging | 31P-MRS, phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy | BP, blood pressure | Ob-T2D, obese patients with type 2 diabetes | ATP, adenosine triphosphate | cT1, iron-corrected T1 | Original Investigation
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