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1. Full Text Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall
by Liu, Xu and Ramirez, Steve and Pang, Petti T and Puryear, Corey B and Govindarajan, Arvind and Deisseroth, Karl and Tonegawa, Susumu
Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, 04/2012, Volume 484, Issue 7394, pp. 381 - 385
A specific memory is thought to be encoded by a sparse population of neurons(1,2). These neurons can be tagged during learning for subsequent identification(3)... 
PATTERN SEPARATION | CA3 | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | DENTATE GYRUS | ALLOCATION | EXPRESSION | RETRIEVAL | AMYGDALA | PLASTICITY | STRATEGIES | Channelrhodopsins | Male | Mental Recall - radiation effects | Fear - physiology | Light | Female | Conditioning (Psychology) - physiology | Bacterial Proteins - genetics | Gene Expression Regulation | Mice, Transgenic | Dentate Gyrus - radiation effects | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - radiation effects | Hippocampus - cytology | Fear - radiation effects | Dentate Gyrus - cytology | Animals | Dentate Gyrus - physiology | Hippocampus - radiation effects | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Bacterial Proteins - metabolism | Luminescent Proteins - genetics | Mice | Conditioning (Psychology) - radiation effects | Hippocampus - physiology | Luminescent Proteins - metabolism | Engrams | Fear | Research | Hippocampus (Brain) | Brain stimulation | Recollection (Psychology) | Labeling | Gene expression | Rodents | Memory | Methods | Index Medicus
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2. Full Text Switching on and off fear by distinct neuronal circuits
by Lüthi, Andreas and Senn, Verena and Müller, Christian and Herry, Cyril and Demmou, Lynda and Ciocchi, Stephane
Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, 07/2008, Volume 454, Issue 7204, pp. 600 - 606
Switching between exploratory and defensive behaviour is fundamental to survival of many animals, but how this transition is achieved by specific neuronal... 
LATERAL AMYGDALA NEURONS | RESPONSES | MEMORY | RAT | BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX | POTENTIATED STARTLE | HIPPOCAMPAL INACTIVATION DISRUPTS | CONDITIONED FEAR | EXTINCTION | Muscimol - pharmacology | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Amygdala - cytology | Male | Fear - physiology | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - drug effects | Neural Pathways | Neurons - classification | Animals | Conditioning (Psychology) | Extinction, Psychological | Neurons - physiology | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Models, Animal | Mice | Amygdala - physiology | Psychological aspects | Fear | Control | Neurons | Studies | Index Medicus
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3. Full Text Midbrain circuits for defensive behaviour
by Tovote, Philip and Esposito, Maria Soledad and Botta, Paolo and Chaudun, Fabrice and Fadok, Jonathan P and Markovic, Milica and Wolff, Steffen B. E and Ramakrishnan, Charu and Fenno, Lief and Deisseroth, Karl and Herry, Cyril and Arber, Silvia and Lüthi, Andreas
Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, 06/2016, Volume 534, Issue 7606, pp. 206 - 212
Survival in threatening situations depends on the selection and rapid execution of an appropriate active or passive defensive response, yet the underlying... 
NEURONAL ORGANIZATION | RAT | CONTEXTUAL CONDITIONED FEAR | ANXIETY | AMINO-ACID MICROINJECTION | NUCLEUS | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | IN-VIVO | VENTROLATERAL PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY | PROJECTIONS | AMYGDALA | Periaqueductal Gray - cytology | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques | Amygdala - cytology | GABAergic Neurons - physiology | Male | Optogenetics | Escape Reaction - physiology | Neural Pathways - physiology | Neural Inhibition - physiology | Medulla Oblongata - cytology | Animals | Neural Pathways - cytology | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Periaqueductal Gray - physiology | Glutamic Acid - metabolism | Mice | Amygdala - physiology | Medulla Oblongata - physiology | Defensiveness (Psychology) | Neural circuitry | Brain research | Research | Brain | Signal transduction | Behavior | Neurons | Index Medicus
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4. Full Text The orexigenic hormone ghrelin defends against depressive symptoms of chronic stress
by Osborne-Lawrence, Sherri and Anderson, Jason G and Yanagisawa, Masashi and Nestler, Eric J and Jung, Saendy and Zigman, Jeffrey M and Birnbaum, Shari and Sakata, Ichiro and Rovinsky, Sherry A and Elmquist, Joel K and Lutter, Michael
Nature Neuroscience, ISSN 1097-6256, 07/2008, Volume 11, Issue 7, pp. 752 - 753
We found that increasing ghrelin levels, through subcutaneous injections or calorie restriction, produced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like responses in the... 
NEUROSCIENCES | OBESITY | MICE | Receptors, Neuropeptide - deficiency | Ghrelin - administration & dosage | Motor Activity - drug effects | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - drug effects | Behavior, Animal | Depression - etiology | Time Factors | Receptors, Ghrelin - deficiency | Swimming | Disease Models, Animal | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Maze Learning - physiology | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Caloric Restriction - methods | Orexin Receptors | Reaction Time - physiology | Eating - genetics | Mice, Knockout | Ghrelin - metabolism | Eating - drug effects | Motor Activity - genetics | Stress, Psychological - genetics | Animals | Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - deficiency | Analysis of Variance | Depression - prevention & control | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Mice | Stress, Psychological - complications | Diagnosis | Ghrelin | Health aspects | Depression, Mental | Risk factors | Index Medicus
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5. Full Text Amygdala intercalated neurons are required for expression of fear extinction
by Likhtik, Ekaterina and Popa, Daniela and Paré, Denis and Apergis-Schoute, John and Fidacaro, George A
Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, 07/2008, Volume 454, Issue 7204, pp. 642 - 645
Congruent findings from studies of fear learning in animals and humans indicate that research on the circuits mediating fear constitutes our best hope of... 
NMDA RECEPTORS | RAT | MEMORY | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | LATERAL AMYGDALA | MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX | POTENTIATED STARTLE | DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR | MECHANISMS | FACILITATION | PLASTICITY | Interneurons - physiology | Conditioning (Psychology) - physiology | Interneurons - ultrastructure | Interneurons - drug effects | Rats | Amygdala - cytology | Fear - physiology | Immunotoxins - pharmacology | Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1 - pharmacology | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - drug effects | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Amygdala - ultrastructure | Animals | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Interneurons - cytology | Amygdala - physiology | Receptors, Opioid - drug effects | Extinction, Psychological - physiology | Receptors, Opioid - metabolism | Fear | Amygdala (Brain) | Research | Endangered & extinct species | Electron microscopes | Laboratory animals | Neurons | Cells | Letter | Neurochemistry | Neurotransmitters | Conditioned Emotional Responses | Animal Models | Neurophysiology | Index Medicus
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6. Full Text A competitive inhibitory circuit for selection of active and passive fear responses
by Fadok, Jonathan P and Krabbe, Sabine and Markovic, Milica and Courtin, Julien and Xu, Chun and Massi, Lema and Botta, Paolo and Bylund, Kristine and Müller, Christian and Kovacevic, Aleksandar and Tovote, Philip and Lüthi, Andreas
Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, 02/2017, Volume 542, Issue 7639, pp. 96 - 99
When faced with threat, the survival of an organism is contingent upon the selection of appropriate active or passive behavioural responses(1-3). Freezing is... 
ORGANIZATION | CELLS | DEFENSIVE BEHAVIORS | PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY | RAT | ANXIETY | INFORMATION | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | PROJECTION NEURONS | CONDITIONED FEAR | CENTRAL AMYGDALA | Central Amygdaloid Nucleus - cytology | Neural Inhibition | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Male | Optogenetics | Fear - physiology | Escape Reaction - physiology | Neural Pathways | Central Amygdaloid Nucleus - physiology | Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone - metabolism | Animals | Neurons - physiology | Fear - psychology | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Mice | Models, Neurological | Locomotion - physiology | Somatostatin - metabolism | Psychological research | Fear | Neural circuitry | Research | Inhibition | Fear & phobias | Kinases | Noise | Animal behavior | Rodents | Index Medicus
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7. Full Text AAV-Mediated Anterograde Transsynaptic Tagging: Mapping Corticocollicular Input-Defined Neural Pathways for Defense Behaviors
by Zingg, Brian and Chou, Xiao-lin and Zhang, Zheng-gang and Zhang, Li I and Mesik, Lukas and Liang, Feixue and Tao, Huizhong Whit
Neuron, ISSN 0896-6273, 01/2017, Volume 93, Issue 1, pp. 33 - 47
To decipher neural circuits underlying brain functions, viral tracers are widely applied to map input and output connectivity of neuronal populations. Despite... 
transsynaptic/transneuronal tracer | Cre and Flp system | AAV serotypes | superior colliculus | corticofugal projection | intersectional strategy | defensive behavior | mapping neural circuits | flight and freezing | SUPERIOR COLLICULUS | ORGANIZATION | VIRUS | VISUAL-CORTEX | CORPUS-CALLOSUM | IN-VIVO | MOUSE | NEURONS | PROJECTIONS | VECTORS | NEUROSCIENCES | Synapses - physiology | Visual Cortex - cytology | Superior Colliculi - physiology | Behavior, Animal - physiology | Auditory Cortex - physiology | Dependovirus | Cerebral Cortex - cytology | Escape Reaction - physiology | Neural Pathways - physiology | Visual Cortex - physiology | Integrases | Animals | Neural Pathways - cytology | Neurons - physiology | Superior Colliculi - cytology | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Auditory Cortex - cytology | Cerebral Cortex - physiology | Mice | DNA Nucleotidyltransferases | Medical colleges | Neural circuitry | Gene expression | Neurons | Neurophysiology | Tracers (Biology) | Brain | Data analysis | Rodents | Viruses | Behavior | Labeling | Index Medicus
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8. Full Text Basomedial amygdala mediates top-down control of anxiety and fear
by Adhikari, Avishek and Lerner, Talia N and Finkelstein, Joel and Pak, Sally and Jennings, Joshua H and Davidson, Thomas J and Ferenczi, Emily and Gunaydin, Lisa A and Mirzabekov, Julie J and Ye, Li and Kim, Sung-Yon and Lei, Anna and Deisseroth, Karl
Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, 11/2015, Volume 527, Issue 7577, pp. 179 - 185
nxiety-related conditions are among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat pharmacologically, but respond to cognitive therapies. There has... 
VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX | RAT | CORTICOSTERONE INJECTIONS | BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | IN-VIVO | PRELIMBIC CORTEX | CONDITIONED FEAR | INTERCALATED NEURONS | INFRALIMBIC CORTEX | C-FOS EXPRESSION | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Anxiety - psychology | Anxiety - physiopathology | Amygdala - cytology | Male | Fear - physiology | Prefrontal Cortex - cytology | Neural Pathways - physiology | Learning - physiology | Animals | Fear - psychology | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Female | Mice | Amygdala - physiology | Prefrontal Cortex - physiology | Extinction, Psychological - physiology | Stress, Psychological - physiopathology | Fear | Physiological aspects | Anxiety | Neuropsychology | Research | Neurological research | Amygdala (Brain) | Studies | Fear & phobias | Brain | Anxieties | Rodents | Anatomy & physiology | Behavior | Variance analysis | Index Medicus
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9. Full Text Neural structures mediating expression and extinction of platform-mediated avoidance
by Bravo-Rivera, Christian and Roman-Ortiz, Ciorana and Brignoni-Perez, Edith and Sotres-Bayon, Francisco and Quirk, Gregory J
Journal of Neuroscience, ISSN 0270-6474, 2014, Volume 34, Issue 29, pp. 9736 - 9742
Individuals use both passive and active defensive responses to environmental threats. Much is known about the neural circuits of passive defensive responses... 
Fear | Striatum | Prelimbic | Amygdala | Prefrontal | Infralimbic | amygdala | ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX | BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA | PRELIMBIC CORTEX | ACTIVE-AVOIDANCE | CONDITIONED FEAR | NEUROSCIENCES | INFRALIMBIC CORTEX | VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX | infralimbic | prefrontal | striatum | FEAR EXTINCTION | LATERAL AMYGDALA | SHUTTLE AVOIDANCE | prelimbic | fear | Muscimol - pharmacology | Conditioning, Operant - physiology | Fear - drug effects | Rats | Male | Avoidance Learning - physiology | Fear - physiology | Brain - physiology | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - drug effects | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Brain - drug effects | Animals | Analysis of Variance | Conditioning, Operant - drug effects | GABA-A Receptor Agonists - pharmacology | Brain Mapping | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Extinction, Psychological - physiology | Index Medicus
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10. Full Text Reconsolidation and Extinction of Conditioned Fear: Inhibition and Potentiation
by Lee, Jonathan L. C and Milton, Amy L and Everitt, Barry J
Journal of Neuroscience, ISSN 0270-6474, 09/2006, Volume 26, Issue 39, pp. 10051 - 10056
NMDA receptors are important for the acquisition, reconsolidation, and extinction of memories. NMDA receptor antagonists impair these memory processes, whereas... 
Basolateral amygdala | Reconsolidation | Rat | NMDA receptor | Extinction | Memory | memory | ANTAGONIST | rat | AMYGDALAR NMDA RECEPTORS | ACQUISITION | D-CYCLOSERINE | reconsolidation | D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR | PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS | NEUROSCIENCES | extinction | CLINICAL-IMPLICATIONS | INTRAAMYGDALA INFUSION | basolateral amygdala | MEMORY RECONSOLIDATION | Memory - drug effects | Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - antagonists & inhibitors | Amygdala - drug effects | Acoustic Stimulation | Conditioning, Operant - physiology | Extinction, Psychological - drug effects | Rats | Male | Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists - pharmacology | Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - pharmacology | Fear - physiology | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - drug effects | Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - physiology | Animals | Conditioning, Operant - drug effects | Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - agonists | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Cycloserine - pharmacology | Dizocilpine Maleate - pharmacology | Amygdala - physiology | Electroshock | Extinction, Psychological - physiology | Memory - physiology | Index Medicus
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11. Full Text Estrous cycle phase and gonadal hormones influence conditioned fear extinction
by Milad, M.R and Igoe, S.A and Lebron-Milad, K and Novales, J.E
Neuroscience, ISSN 0306-4522, 2009, Volume 164, Issue 3, pp. 887 - 895
Abstract Gonadal hormones modulate fear acquisition, but less is known about the influence of gonadal hormones on fear extinction. We assessed sex differences... 
Neurology | conditioned fear | anxiety | estrogen | estrous cycle | progesterone | POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER | HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS | NEUROSCIENCES | OVARIAN-STEROIDS | DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY | MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX | LONG-TERM POTENTIATION | SEX-DIFFERENCES | ANXIETY DISORDERS | ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX | EMOTIONALLY INFLUENCED MEMORY | Receptors, Estrogen - metabolism | Estrogens - pharmacology | Estrous Cycle - physiology | Learning - drug effects | Extinction, Psychological - drug effects | Fear - drug effects | Proestrus - physiology | Male | Fear - physiology | Brain - physiology | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - drug effects | Testosterone - metabolism | Metestrus - drug effects | Female | Anxiety Disorders - metabolism | Gonadal Steroid Hormones - secretion | Proestrus - drug effects | Estrogens - metabolism | Progesterone - pharmacology | Extinction, Psychological - physiology | Gonadal Steroid Hormones - metabolism | Conditioning (Psychology) - drug effects | Conditioning (Psychology) - physiology | Rats | Sex Characteristics | Anxiety Disorders - etiology | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Estrous Cycle - drug effects | Metestrus - physiology | Neuropsychological Tests | Learning - physiology | Receptors, Estrogen - drug effects | Animals | Progesterone - metabolism | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Photic Stimulation | Anxiety Disorders - physiopathology | Index Medicus | Biological Rhythms | Neuroendocrinology | Females | Males | Conditioned Emotional Responses | Animal Models
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12. Full Text Sustained Conditioned Responses in Prelimbic Prefrontal Neurons Are Correlated with Fear Expression and Extinction Failure
by Burgos-Robles, Anthony and Vidal-Gonzalez, Ivan and Quirk, Gregory J
Journal of Neuroscience, ISSN 0270-6474, 07/2009, Volume 29, Issue 26, pp. 8474 - 8482
During auditory fear conditioning, it is well established that lateral amygdala (LA) neurons potentiate their response to the tone conditioned stimulus, and... 
PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY | LEARNED FEAR | RAT | MEMORY | CORTEX | LATERAL AMYGDALA | HIPPOCAMPAL | NMDA | PROJECTIONS | NEUROSCIENCES | LESIONS | Electroshock - adverse effects | Rats | Male | Statistics as Topic | Prefrontal Cortex - cytology | Conditioning, Classical - physiology | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Acoustic Stimulation - methods | Action Potentials - physiology | Fear | Neurons - classification | Animals | Analysis of Variance | Time Factors | Neurons - physiology | Brain Mapping | Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic - physiology | Extinction, Psychological - physiology | Index Medicus | PTSD | anxiety | amygdala | cingulate | classical conditioning | infralimbic
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