Articles

This book presents a conceptual framework for analysing the definitions of State aid and subsidy in EC and WTO law. This is done through a comparative... 
Politics & government | Subsidies | public international law | European Union countries | Law and legislation | World Trade Organization | Legal system | Regulatory system | Law reform | WTO | Economic advantage | Competitive process | Public action | State aid | Subsidy

Loans | Subsidies | Research grants | Awards

Subsidies

This report addresses a pressing issue in Mexico's electricity sector the large and growing subsidies to residential consumers and their regressive incidence... 
Subsidies | Mexico | Rates | Electric utilities | TRANSMISSION LOSSES | WAGE | POLLUTANTS | TARGETED SUBSIDIES | ELECTRICITY SALES | GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT | DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY | DISPOSABLE INCOMES | GDP | MERIT GOOD | GREENHOUSE GAS | ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS | EMPLOYMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT | FISCAL PERFORMANCE | AGRICULTURE | BENCHMARKING | PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND | AVERAGE COSTS | ECONOMIC PROGRAMS | EXCLUSION | GENERATING CAPACITY | CONTRIBUTION | ELECTRICITY UTILITIES | SAFETY NET | CALCULATION | TOTAL COSTS | DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY | ELECTRICITY SUPPLY | CONSUMER | ELECTRICITY UTILITY | GENERATION | PURCHASES | ELECTRICITY | KILOWATT-HOUR | HIGH GAS PRICES | FUEL OIL | CLIMATE CHANGE | VARIABLE COST | INCOME LEVEL | LOWER INCOME | CONSUMPTION LEVELS | ENERGY CONSUMPTION | INCOME | NATURAL GAS | PRICE ELASTICITY | AIR QUALITY | FUELS | TARIFF SYSTEMS | SOCIAL FUND | ECONOMIC COST | COST RECOVERY | POWER | TOTAL COST | CONTRIBUTIONS | DIVIDENDS | INCOME LEVELS | DEMAND ELASTICITY | FUEL COSTS | INFLATION | GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS | ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY | MARGINAL COST | PRIMARY EDUCATION | PURCHASING POWER | DEPRECIATION | WORTH | PRICE OF ELECTRICITY | EMISSIONS | LOW-INCOME | LOWER-INCOME POPULATION | CASH TRANSFER | LIVING STANDARDS | SUPPLY COSTS | TAX | MARGINAL COST OF ELECTRICITY | MARGINAL COSTS | ELECTRICITY TARIFFS | POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES | ELECTRICITY TARIFF | FUEL | UTILITY CHARGES | DISTRIBUTION OF COSTS | ACCOUNTING | FINANCIAL COST | CASH SUBSIDY | TARIFF SYSTEM | CONSUMER BEHAVIOR | COST ESTIMATE | ELECTRICITY PRICES | PARTICULATES | RETIREMENT | EMISSIONS FROM POWER PLANTS | ELECTRIC UTILITIES | FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY | CONSUMER GROUPS | TARIFF STRUCTURE | SOCIAL FUNDS | OIL | HOUSEHOLD INCOME | TRANSMISSION FACILITIES | BENEFICIARIES | HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES | FINANCIAL SITUATION | WAGES | INFERIOR GOODS | SOURCE OF INFORMATION | INEFFICIENCY | EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS | POWER PRODUCER | INCOME GROUPS | CONNECTED HOUSEHOLDS | FINANCES | ELECTRICITY DEMAND | EXCHANGE RATES | ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY | COST OF ELECTRICITY | CALCULATIONS | INVESTMENT PROGRAM | GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES | PENSIONS | EXCHANGE RATE | POWER SYSTEM | CURRENCY | TARIFF STRUCTURES | TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT | LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS | TAX REBATES | APPROACH | PUBLIC EXPENDITURE | WEB PAGE | ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION | TARIFF LEVELS | DISTRIBUTION LOSSES | RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS | SUPPLY EFFICIENCY | FINANCIAL SUBSIDIES | PEAK DEMAND | FINANCIAL HEALTH | JUDGMENT | DIESEL | HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE

A typical consumer underestimates the benefits of future energy savings and underinvests in energy efficiency, relative to a description of the socially... 
Economic aspects | Energy consumption | Subsidies | Energy tax credits | Environmental policy | Japan | Japanese Economics | Environmental Studies | Asian Economics | Environment & Economics | Microeconomics | Environmental Economics | Environment & Business | Energy consumption - Economic aspects - Japan

This report addresses a pressing issue in Mexico's electricity sector the large and growing subsidies to residential consumers and their regressive incidence... 
Subsidies | Mexico | Rates | Electric utilities | TRANSMISSION LOSSES | WAGE | POLLUTANTS | TARGETED SUBSIDIES | ELECTRICITY SALES | GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT | DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY | DISPOSABLE INCOMES | GDP | MERIT GOOD | GREENHOUSE GAS | ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS | EMPLOYMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT | FISCAL PERFORMANCE | AGRICULTURE | BENCHMARKING | PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND | AVERAGE COSTS | ECONOMIC PROGRAMS | EXCLUSION | GENERATING CAPACITY | CONTRIBUTION | ELECTRICITY UTILITIES | SAFETY NET | CALCULATION | TOTAL COSTS | DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY | ELECTRICITY SUPPLY | CONSUMER | ELECTRICITY UTILITY | GENERATION | PURCHASES | ELECTRICITY | KILOWATT-HOUR | HIGH GAS PRICES | FUEL OIL | CLIMATE CHANGE | VARIABLE COST | INCOME LEVEL | LOWER INCOME | CONSUMPTION LEVELS | ENERGY CONSUMPTION | INCOME | NATURAL GAS | PRICE ELASTICITY | AIR QUALITY | FUELS | TARIFF SYSTEMS | SOCIAL FUND | ECONOMIC COST | COST RECOVERY | POWER | TOTAL COST | CONTRIBUTIONS | DIVIDENDS | INCOME LEVELS | DEMAND ELASTICITY | FUEL COSTS | INFLATION | GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS | ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY | MARGINAL COST | PRIMARY EDUCATION | PURCHASING POWER | DEPRECIATION | WORTH | PRICE OF ELECTRICITY | EMISSIONS | LOW-INCOME | LOWER-INCOME POPULATION | CASH TRANSFER | LIVING STANDARDS | SUPPLY COSTS | TAX | MARGINAL COST OF ELECTRICITY | MARGINAL COSTS | ELECTRICITY TARIFFS | POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES | ELECTRICITY TARIFF | FUEL | UTILITY CHARGES | DISTRIBUTION OF COSTS | ACCOUNTING | FINANCIAL COST | CASH SUBSIDY | TARIFF SYSTEM | CONSUMER BEHAVIOR | COST ESTIMATE | ELECTRICITY PRICES | PARTICULATES | RETIREMENT | EMISSIONS FROM POWER PLANTS | ELECTRIC UTILITIES | FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY | CONSUMER GROUPS | TARIFF STRUCTURE | SOCIAL FUNDS | OIL | HOUSEHOLD INCOME | TRANSMISSION FACILITIES | BENEFICIARIES | HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES | FINANCIAL SITUATION | WAGES | INFERIOR GOODS | SOURCE OF INFORMATION | INEFFICIENCY | EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS | POWER PRODUCER | INCOME GROUPS | CONNECTED HOUSEHOLDS | FINANCES | ELECTRICITY DEMAND | EXCHANGE RATES | ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY | COST OF ELECTRICITY | CALCULATIONS | INVESTMENT PROGRAM | GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES | PENSIONS | EXCHANGE RATE | POWER SYSTEM | CURRENCY | TARIFF STRUCTURES | TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT | LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS | TAX REBATES | APPROACH | PUBLIC EXPENDITURE | WEB PAGE | ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION | TARIFF LEVELS | DISTRIBUTION LOSSES | RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS | SUPPLY EFFICIENCY | FINANCIAL SUBSIDIES | PEAK DEMAND | FINANCIAL HEALTH | JUDGMENT | DIESEL | HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE

Subsidies are pervasive in OECD countries and are among the most powerful public policy instruments.  But they often introduce unintended consequences, such as... 
Subsidies | Sustainable development | Environment | Agriculture and Food | Industry and Services

How did China move so swiftly in capital-intensive industries without labor-cost or scale advantage from bit player to the largest manufacturer and exporter in... 
Economics | Industrial policy | international economics | Industries | China | Finance | Commercial policy | Subsidies | Capitalism

Great Britain Full employment policies | Employment subsidies

Subsidies | Costs | Food relief

“This book is an extremely thorough and readable review of how effective utility subsidies are in reaching the poor. It makes sobering reading for policy... 
Subsidies | Rates | Public utilities | Developing countries | CAPITAL SUBSIDIES | COLLATERAL | HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS | ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY | INCOME GROUP | CENTRAL GOVERNMENT | GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT | DISPOSABLE INCOMES | ECONOMICS LITERATURE | LOWER LEVEL OF SERVICE | GDP | FIXED COSTS | CONSUMER SUBSIDIES | CONSUMERS | DEMAND FOR POWER | KILOWATT-HOURS | CASH TRANSFERS | ACCESS TO SAFE WATER | CONNECTION CHARGES | FINANCIAL STABILITY | BALANCE | CUBIC METERS | ADEQUATE FINANCING | CONTRIBUTION | ELECTRICITY UTILITIES | CALCULATION | ELECTRICITY SUPPLY | INFORMATION ON CONTRIBUTIONS | CONSUMER | INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND | HOUSEHOLD USE | COST INCREASES | ELECTRICITY | KILOWATT-HOUR | FIXED CHARGES | ALTERNATIVE FUELS | ELECTRIC UTILITY | INCOME LEVEL | ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES | CASH PAYMENT | CONSUMPTION LEVELS | INCOME | LITERACY | COSTS OF ELECTRICITY | CROSS-SUBSIDIES | BENEFICIARY | ECONOMIC COST | LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS | COST RECOVERY | INCOME LEVELS | FIXED CHARGE | ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY | HOUSEHOLDS | CASH FLOW | LATIN AMERICAN | ECONOMIC COSTS | LOW-INCOME | CASH TRANSFER | LIVING STANDARDS | ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN | DEBT | ELECTRICITY TARIFFS | CONNECTION FEE | FUEL | DISTRIBUTION OF COSTS | DRINKING WATER | GINI COEFFICIENT | COST ESTIMATES | CUBIC METER | CROSS-SUBSIDIZATION | LARGE CITIES | ELECTRIC UTILITIES | INCENTIVE COSTS | COST SAVINGS | GENERAL PUBLIC | CENTRAL AMERICA | HOUSEHOLD INCOME | BENEFICIARIES | COST OF WATER | DEVELOPMENT BANK | FINANCIAL LOSSES | INTEREST RATE | FINANCIAL LOSS | INEFFICIENCY | DELIVERY OF WATER SUPPLY | FINANCIAL SUPPORT | INCOME GROUPS | CONNECTED HOUSEHOLDS | ELASTICITY | LOAN | CONNECTION FEES | CONNECTION SUBSIDY | ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY | GROUPS OF CONSUMERS | GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY | LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS | APPROACH | CUSTOMER BASE | ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION | ELECTRICITY GENERATION | ELECTRIFICATION | ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS | CONSUMPTION BLOCKS | ENERGY USE