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1. Full Text Hepatic Encephalopathy
by Wijdicks, Eelco F.M
The New England Journal of Medicine, ISSN 0028-4793, 10/2016, Volume 375, Issue 17, pp. 1660 - 1670
The brain dysfunction associated with liver failure can have diverse manifestations. The main pathogenesis is metabolic derangement of cell function and brain... 
ACUTE LIVER-FAILURE | MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL | AMMONIA | CEREBRAL EDEMA | INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT | 4 SCORE | CIRRHOSIS | HYPERTENSION | INTRACRANIAL-PRESSURE | HYPERTONIC SALINE | COMA | Hepatic Encephalopathy - therapy | Hyperammonemia - drug therapy | Hepatic Encephalopathy - classification | Brain Edema - etiology | Brain Edema - pathology | Humans | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Lactulose - therapeutic use | Hepatic Encephalopathy - complications | Hyperammonemia - etiology | Brain | Edema | Ammonia | Liver diseases | Blood-brain barrier | Transplants & implants | Pathogenesis | Encephalopathy | Hepatic encephalopathy
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2. Full Text Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy
by Häussinger, D and Schliess, F
Gut, ISSN 0017-5749, 08/2008, Volume 57, Issue 8, pp. 1156 - 1165
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in liver cirrhosis is a clinical manifestation of a low-grade cerebral oedema, which is exacerbated in response to ammonia and... 
RESTORES LEARNING-ABILITY | MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY TRANSITION | CRITICAL FLICKER FREQUENCY | PROTEIN-TYROSINE NITRATION | CHRONIC LIVER-DISEASE | DUCT LIGATED RATS | CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM | LONG-TERM POTENTIATION | MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY | GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY | GRADE CEREBRAL EDEMA | Severity of Illness Index | Hepatic Encephalopathy - pathology | Brain Edema - complications | Oxidation-Reduction | Oxidative Stress | Liver Cirrhosis - complications | Humans | Astrocytes - pathology | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Hepatic Encephalopathy - etiology | RNA - metabolism | Coma | Brain | Oxidative stress | Hydration | Pathogenesis | Gene expression | Patients | Studies | Rodents | Cooperation | Measurement techniques | Quantitative psychology | Liver cirrhosis | Animal cognition
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3. Full Text Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: Pathology and Pathophysiology
by Butterworth, Roger F
Drugs, ISSN 0012-6667, 2/2019, Volume 79, Issue S1, pp. 17 - 21
Neuropathology of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in cirrhosis is primarily astroglial in nature characterized by Alzheimer type 2 astrocytosis together with... 
Pharmacotherapy | Internal Medicine | Medicine & Public Health | Pharmacology/Toxicology | PATHOGENESIS | AMMONIA | HYPERAMMONEMIA | LIVER | GABA | RATS | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA | TOXICOLOGY | BINDING-SITES | BRAIN | Liver Cirrhosis - drug therapy | Hepatic Encephalopathy - metabolism | Neurotransmitter Agents - antagonists & inhibitors | Ammonia - metabolism | Basal Ganglia - physiopathology | gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism | Humans | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Cerebellum - physiopathology | Hepatic Encephalopathy - drug therapy | Manganese - metabolism | Thalamus - physiopathology | Liver Cirrhosis - metabolism | Liver Cirrhosis - physiopathology | Inflammation - physiopathology | Cerebellum | Neuroimaging | Metabolic rate | Coma | Brain | Neurosciences | Basal ganglia | Dehydrogenases | Neuropathology | Pathogenesis | Liver | Systematic review | Antagonists | Activation | Reduction | γ-Aminobutyric acid | Encephalopathy | Hepatology | Thalamus | Movement disorders | Enzymes | Cortex (cingulate) | Medical imaging | Deactivation | Central nervous system diseases | Inflammation | Metabolism | Ganglia | Microglia | Neurology | Ammonia | Cirrhosis | Neurotransmitters | Gliosis | Medical prognosis | TNF inhibitors | Binding sites | Hepatic encephalopathy | Manganese | Review
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4. Full Text Embolization of large spontaneous portosystemic shunts for refractory hepatic encephalopathy: A multicenter survey on safety and efficacy
by Laleman, Wim and Simon‐Talero, Macarena and Maleux, Geert and Perez, Mercedes and Ameloot, Koen and Soriano, German and Villalba, Jordi and Garcia‐Pagan, Juan‐Carlos and Barrufet, Marta and Jalan, Rajiv and Brookes, Jocelyn and Thalassinos, Evangelos and Burroughs, Andrew K and Cordoba, Juan and Nevens, Frederik and EASL-CLIF-Consortium and on behalf of the EASL-CLIF-Consortium
Hepatology, ISSN 0270-9139, 06/2013, Volume 57, Issue 6, pp. 2448 - 2457
Refractory hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains a major cause of morbidity in cirrhosis patients. Large spontaneous portosystemic shunts (SPSSs) have been... 
GASTRORENAL SHUNT | TRIAL | DIAGNOSIS | LACTULOSE | HEMORRHAGE | VARICES | FOLLOW-UP | CIRRHOTIC-PATIENTS | PORTAL-SYSTEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY | GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY | Hepatic Encephalopathy - therapy | Humans | Middle Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Adult | Female | Male | Treatment Outcome | Aged | Retrospective Studies | Embolization, Therapeutic - adverse effects
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5. Full Text Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with motor vehicle crashes: The reality beyond the driving test
by Bajaj, Jasmohan S and Saeian, Kia and Schubert, Christine M and Hafeezullah, Muhammad and Franco, Jose and Varma, Rajiv R and Gibson, Douglas P and Hoffmann, Raymond G and Stravitz, R. Todd and Heuman, Douglas M and Sterling, Richard K and Shiffman, Mitchell and Topaz, Allyne and Boyett, Sherry and Bell, Debulon and Sanyal, Arun J
Hepatology, ISSN 0270-9139, 10/2009, Volume 50, Issue 4, pp. 1175 - 1183
Patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) have impaired driving skills, but association of MHE with motor vehicle crashes is unclear. Standard... 
INHIBITORY CONTROL TEST | LIVER-CIRRHOSIS | DIAGNOSIS | ATTENTION | FITNESS | ACCIDENTS | SKILLS | OUTCOMES | GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY | IMPAIRMENT | Prevalence | Prospective Studies | Follow-Up Studies | Liver Cirrhosis - complications | Humans | Middle Aged | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Male | Psychometrics | Automobile Driving - psychology | Psychomotor Disorders - psychology | Self Disclosure | Liver Cirrhosis - epidemiology | Accidents, Traffic - psychology | Hepatic Encephalopathy - diagnosis | Adult | Female | Hepatic Encephalopathy - psychology | Driving | inhibitory control test | accidents | cirrhosis | hepatic encephalopathy
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6. Full Text Hepatic encephalopathy: from pathophysiology to therapeutic management
by Bismuth, Michael and Funakoshi, Natalie and Cadranel, Jean-François and Blanc, Pierre
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, ISSN 0954-691X, 01/2011, Volume 23, Issue 1, pp. 8 - 22
Hepatic encephalopathy is a complex and potentially reversible neuropsychiatric syndrome complicating acute or chronic liver disease. Clinical manifestations... 
portal hypertension portosystemic shunt | cirrhosis | hepatic encephalopathy | ACUTE LIVER-FAILURE | AUTOPSIED BRAIN-TISSUE | ACUTE AMMONIA INTOXICATION | SOLUBLE GUANYLATE-CYCLASE | HELICOBACTER-PYLORI INFECTION | ORNITHINE-L-ASPARTATE | INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT | DOUBLE-BLIND | GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC-ACID | PORTAL-SYSTEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY | GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY | Ammonia - metabolism | Humans | Blood-Brain Barrier - physiopathology | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Male | Intestines - metabolism | Hepatic Encephalopathy - drug therapy | GABA Agents - metabolism | Cerebral Cortex - metabolism | Blood-Brain Barrier - metabolism | Cerebral Cortex - physiopathology | Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use | Intestines - microbiology | Energy Metabolism | Helicobacter Infections - drug therapy | Hepatic Encephalopathy - diagnosis | Female | Cerebral Cortex - drug effects | Disaccharides - therapeutic use | Intestines - physiopathology | Benzodiazepines - metabolism | Index Medicus
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7. Full Text Brain dysfunction primarily related to previous overt hepatic encephalopathy compared with minimal hepatic encephalopathy: Resting-state functional MR imaging demonstration
by Chen, Hua-Jun and Jiao, Yun and Zhu, Xi-Qi and Zhang, Hong-Ying and Liu, Jia-Cheng and Wen, Song and Teng, Gao-Jun
Radiology, ISSN 0033-8419, 01/2013, Volume 266, Issue 1, pp. 261 - 270
Purpose: To investigate whether resting-state brain functional connectivity (FC) differed among cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE)... 
ANATOMY | NETWORK | DEFAULT-MODE | ABNORMALITIES | CONNECTIVITY | DISEASE | REORGANIZATION | CIRRHOTIC-PATIENTS | RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING | IMPAIRMENT | HISTORY | Severity of Illness Index | Cognition Disorders - physiopathology | Reproducibility of Results | Brain - physiopathology | Humans | Middle Aged | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods | Male | Brain Mapping - methods | Hepatic Encephalopathy - complications | Cognition Disorders - diagnosis | Cognition Disorders - etiology | Sensitivity and Specificity | Brain - pathology | Hepatic Encephalopathy - diagnosis | Female
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8. Full Text Corticosteroids improve short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: meta-analysis of individual patient data
by Mathurin, Philippe and O'Grady, John and Carithers, Robert L and Phillips, Martin and Louvet, Alexandre and Mendenhall, Charles L and Ramond, Marie-José and Naveau, Sylvie and Maddrey, Willis C and Morgan, Timothy R
Gut, ISSN 0017-5749, 02/2011, Volume 60, Issue 2, pp. 255 - 260
IntroductionA meta-analysis was performed using individual patient data from the five most recent randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which evaluated... 
ENCEPHALOPATHY | CONTROLLED TRIAL | STEROIDS | RANDOMIZED-TRIAL | GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY | METHYLPREDNISOLONE THERAPY | PREDNISOLONE THERAPY | Glucocorticoids - therapeutic use | Prognosis | Humans | Middle Aged | Hepatitis, Alcoholic - drug therapy | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Male | Treatment Outcome | Hepatic Encephalopathy - drug therapy | Liver - physiopathology | Liver - drug effects | Epidemiologic Methods | Hepatitis, Alcoholic - physiopathology | Adult | Female | Aged | Usage | Hepatitis, Alcoholic | Corticosteroids | Patient outcomes | Drug therapy | Comparative analysis | Health aspects | Studies | Performance evaluation | Short term | Hepatitis | Disease | Medical prognosis | Mortality | Liver cirrhosis | Patients | Meta-analysis
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9. Full Text Brain default‐mode network abnormalities in hepatic encephalopathy: A resting‐state functional MRI study
by Zhang, Longjiang and Qi, Rongfeng and Wu, Shengyong and Zhong, Jianhui and Zhong, Yuan and Zhang, Zhiqiang and Zhang, Zongjun and Lu, Guangming
Human Brain Mapping, ISSN 1065-9471, 06/2012, Volume 33, Issue 6, pp. 1384 - 1392
Many neuroimaging investigations focus on hepatic encephalopathy (HE); however, few investigate default‐mode network (DMN) in the patients with HE and its... 
hepatic encephalopathy (HE) | default mode network | blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) | resting‐state fMRI | Resting-state fMRI | Default mode network | Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) | Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) | NEURAL MECHANISM | ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE | AMPLITUDE | BLOOD-FLOW | NEUROSCIENCES | NEUROIMAGING | CEREBRAL AMMONIA METABOLISM | MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-SPECTROSCOPY | CORTEX | EDEMA | CIRRHOTIC-PATIENTS | resting-state fMRI | RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING | FMRI | Prospective Studies | Frontal Lobe - physiopathology | Humans | Middle Aged | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Male | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Image Processing, Computer-Assisted | Brain Mapping | Gyrus Cinguli - physiopathology | Adult | Female | Aged | Nerve Net - physiopathology
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10. Full Text Refining the ammonia hypothesis: A physiology-driven approach to the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy
by Tapper, Elliot B and Jiang, Z. Gordon and Patwardhan, Vilas R
Mayo Clinic Proceedings, ISSN 0025-6196, 05/2015, Volume 90, Issue 5, pp. 646 - 658
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the most important complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Although the etiology is incompletely understood,... 
POTASSIUM-DEPLETION | MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL | CLINICAL-TRIAL | INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT | DOUBLE-BLIND | INDUCED HYPERAMMONEMIA | CHAIN AMINO-ACIDS | RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL | STAGE LIVER-DISEASE | PORTAL-SYSTEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY | ORAL ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION | Hepatic Encephalopathy - therapy | Ammonia - metabolism | Hyperammonemia - complications | Humans | Clinical Protocols | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Hepatic Encephalopathy - etiology | Ammonia | Care and treatment | Diagnosis | Liver cirrhosis | Health aspects | Hepatic encephalopathy
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11. Full Text Value of Critical Flicker Frequency and Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score in Diagnosis of Low-Grade Hepatic Encephalopathy
by Kircheis, Gerald and Hilger, Norbert and Häussinger, Dieter
Gastroenterology, ISSN 0016-5085, 2014, Volume 146, Issue 4, pp. 961 - 969.e11
Background & Aims Critical flicker frequency (CFF) and psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) analyses are widely used to diagnose hepatic... 
Gastroenterology and Hepatology | Advanced Liver Disease | Cognitive Function | MHE | Neuropsychology | LIVER-TRANSPLANTATION | QUANTIFICATION | CIRRHOSIS | GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY | TOOL | Severity of Illness Index | Predictive Value of Tests | Liver Cirrhosis - complications | Humans | Middle Aged | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Male | Psychometrics | Case-Control Studies | Neuropsychological Tests | Light | Hepatic Encephalopathy - diagnosis | Adult | Female | Hepatic Encephalopathy - etiology | Aged | Hepatic Encephalopathy - psychology | Photic Stimulation | Flicker Fusion | Analysis | Hepatic encephalopathy | Diagnosis
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12. Full Text Randomised clinical trial: rifaximin improves health‐related quality of life in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy – a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study
by Sanyal, A and Younossi, Z. M and Bass, N. M and Mullen, K. D and Poordad, F and Brown, R. S and Vemuru, R. P and Mazen Jamal, M and Huang, S and Merchant, K and Bortey, E and Forbes, W. P
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, ISSN 0269-2813, 10/2011, Volume 34, Issue 8, pp. 853 - 861
Background Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a brain disorder that often results from cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis, metabolic and alcohol-related liver... 
ARTICLE | IMPACT | LACTULOSE | CHRONIC LIVER-DISEASE | DECOMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS | PREDICTORS | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY | BURDEN | SEVERITY | TRANSPLANTATION | Severity of Illness Index | Liver Cirrhosis - drug therapy | Double-Blind Method | United States | Humans | Middle Aged | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Linear Models | Male | Treatment Outcome | Hepatic Encephalopathy - drug therapy | Canada | Rifamycins - therapeutic use | Gastrointestinal Agents - therapeutic use | Quality of Life | Female | Surveys and Questionnaires | Aged | Liver Cirrhosis - physiopathology | Virus diseases | Hepatitis | Medical research | Lactulose | Encephalopathy | Medicine, Experimental | Clinical trials | Liver cirrhosis
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13. Full Text Altered brain functional connectivity in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A functional MR imaging study
by Zhang, Long Jiang and Zheng, Gang and Zhang, Liping and Zhong, Jianhui and Wu, Shengyong and Qi, Rongfeng and Li, Qiang and Wang, Li and Lu, Guangming
Radiology, ISSN 0033-8419, 11/2012, Volume 265, Issue 2, pp. 528 - 536
Purpose: To investigate patterns of whole-brain functional connectivity in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (HE) by using functional magnetic... 
FALSE DISCOVERY RATE | DIAGNOSIS | NEURAL MECHANISM | CORTEX | BASAL GANGLIA | RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING | IMPAIRMENT | Fibrosis - physiopathology | Brain - physiopathology | Fibrosis - complications | Humans | Middle Aged | Hepatic Encephalopathy - physiopathology | Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods | Female | Hepatic Encephalopathy - etiology | Male | Nerve Net - physiopathology
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