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1. Full Text Paeoniflorin protects Schwann cells against high glucose induced oxidative injury by activating Nrf2/ARE pathway and inhibiting apoptosis
by Yang, Xinwei and Yao, Weijie and Shi, Haotian and Liu, Haolong and Liu, Renhui and Li, Yangfan and Gao, Yanbin and Xu, Liping
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, ISSN 0378-8741, 06/2016, Volume 185, pp. 361 - 369
Paeoniflorin (PF) is the principal bioactive component of Pall., which an included in Tang Luo Ning recipe, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine based on... 
Oxidative stress | Peoniflorin | BCl-2 | Nrf2 | Schwann cells | Apoptosis | CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL | SALVIANOLIC ACID | RAT | MECHANISM | DIABETIC-NEUROPATHY | DEGENERATION | PLANT SCIENCES | CELLULAR APOPTOSIS | INTERMITTENT HIGH GLUCOSE | SCIATIC-NERVE | INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | STRESS | EXPRESSION | Cell Line | Glucosides - pharmacology | Apoptosis - drug effects | Caspase 3 - metabolism | bcl-2-Associated X Protein - metabolism | Rats | Glucose - administration & dosage | Gene Expression Regulation - drug effects | Monoterpenes - pharmacology | Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 - metabolism | Animals | Antioxidant Response Elements - physiology | NF-E2-Related Factor 2 - metabolism | Caspase 3 - genetics | Antioxidant Response Elements - genetics | Glucose - toxicity | NF-E2-Related Factor 2 - genetics | Oxidative Stress - drug effects | Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 - genetics | bcl-2-Associated X Protein - genetics | Schwann Cells - drug effects | Hyperglycemia | Medicine, Chinese | Glucose | Dextrose | Ligases | Glutathione transferase | Analysis | Heme
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2. Full Text Constant and intermittent high glucose enhances endothelial cell apoptosis through mitochondrial superoxide overproduction
by Piconi, Ludovica and Quagliaro, Lisa and Assaloni, Roberta and Da Ros, Roberto and Maier, Amabile and Zuodar, Gianni and Ceriello, Antonio
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, ISSN 1520-7552, 05/2006, Volume 22, Issue 3, pp. 198 - 203
Background It has been previously shown that hyperglycemia enhances free radical production, inducing oxidative damage, which in its turn activates the death... 
endothelium | apoptosis | intermittent glucose | mitochondria | oxidative stress | Oxidative stress | Mitochondria | Intermittent glucose | Apoptosis | Endothelium | DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS | PATHWAYS | ACTIVATION | TOLERANCE | MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS | NEPHROPATHY | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | POSTPRANDIAL HYPERGLYCEMIA | Endothelium, Vascular - cytology | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Apoptosis - drug effects | Humans | Umbilical Veins | Endothelium, Vascular - drug effects | Glucose - pharmacology | Mitochondria - metabolism | Mitochondria - drug effects | Endothelium, Vascular - physiology | Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 - metabolism | Caspases - metabolism | Superoxides - metabolism | Caspase 3 | Cell Culture Techniques
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3. Full Text TRPM7 channels play a role in high glucose-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and neuronal cell apoptosis
by Huang, Xiong Yan and Leng, Tian-Dong and Inoue, Koichi and Yang, Tao and Liu, Mingli and Horgen, F. David and Fleig, Andrea and Li, Jun and Xiong, Zhi-Gang
Journal of Biological Chemistry, ISSN 0021-9258, 2018, Volume 293, Issue 37, pp. 14393 - 14406
High-glucose (HG) levels and hyperglycemia associated with diabetes are known to cause neuronal damage. The detailed molecular mechanisms, however, remain to... 
glucose | PROTEIN | transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) | unfolded protein response (UPR) | ER-STRESS | BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | ERS | KINASE | neurodegeneration | endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) | INTERMITTENT | PROLIFERATION | NS20Y cell | nitric-oxide synthase | NEUROTOXICITY | transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) | NOS | PATHWAY | INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS | NITRIC-OXIDE | KEY ROLE | diabetes | oxidative stress | Transcription Factor CHOP - genetics | Heat-Shock Proteins - metabolism | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Male | Neurons - cytology | TRPM Cation Channels - physiology | Brain - metabolism | Heat-Shock Proteins - genetics | Insulin - metabolism | Animals | Caspases - metabolism | Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II - genetics | Glucose - metabolism | TRPM Cation Channels - genetics | Mice | TRPM Cation Channels - metabolism | Apoptosis - physiology | Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - metabolism | Transcription Factor CHOP - metabolism | Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress - physiology | Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II - metabolism | Molecular Bases of Disease
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4. Full Text Salvianolic acid B inhibits intermittent high glucose-induced INS-1 cell apoptosis through regulation of Bcl-2 proteins and mitochondrial membrane potential
by Tao, Shanjun and Ren, Younan and Zheng, Haowen and Zheng, Shuguo and Zhao, Mengqiu and Zhang, Xu and Zhu, Yuanmei and Yang, Jieren
European Journal of Pharmacology, ISSN 0014-2999, 11/2017, Volume 814, pp. 56 - 62
Blood glucose fluctuations, also referred to as intermittent high glucose, have been validated to be more harmful than sustained high glucose in exacerbating... 
INS-1 cells | Mitochondrial membrance potential | Intermittent high glucose | Salvianolic acid B | Apoptosis | OXIDATIVE STRESS | ACTIVATION | RATS | FAMILY PROTEINS | HYPERGLYCEMIA | DIET | FLUCTUATIONS | MASS | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | DYSFUNCTION | EXPRESSION | Cell Line | Cell Survival - drug effects | Caspase 9 - metabolism | Intracellular Space - drug effects | Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism | Apoptosis - drug effects | Humans | Caspase 3 - metabolism | Benzofurans - pharmacology | Glucose - pharmacology | Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial - drug effects | Dose-Response Relationship, Drug | Proteolysis - drug effects | Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 - metabolism | Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases - metabolism | Intracellular Space - metabolism | Proteins | Blood sugar | Sugars | Monosaccharides | Glucose | Dextrose
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5. Full Text Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture
by A. Risso and F. Mercuri and L. Quagliaro and G. Damante and A. Ceriello
American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology And Metabolism, ISSN 0193-1849, 11/2001, Volume 281, Issue 5, pp. 924 - 930
To explore the effect of fluctuating glucose on endothelial cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated for 14 days in media containing... 
DIABETES-MELLITUS | PATHOGENESIS | MORTALITY | endothelium | PHYSIOLOGY | Bcl-2 protein | Bax protein | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | apoptosis | intermittent glucose | INDUCTION | FAMILY | Endothelium, Vascular - cytology | Proto-Oncogene Proteins - metabolism | Apoptosis - drug effects | Cell Survival | Humans | Cells, Cultured | Umbilical Veins | Endothelium, Vascular - drug effects | Glucose - pharmacology | bcl-2-Associated X Protein | Blotting, Western | Glucose - administration & dosage | Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 - metabolism | Cell Cycle | Electrophoresis, Agar Gel | DNA Fragmentation | Proto-Oncogene Proteins - analysis | Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 - analysis | Intermittent glucose | Apoptosis | Endothelium
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6. Full Text Involvement of chronic stresses in rat islet and INS-1 cell glucotoxicity induced by intermittent high glucose
by Hou, Zhi-Qiang and Li, Guang-Wei and Li, Hong-Liang and Gao, Ling and Pan, Lin and Zhao, Jia-Jun
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, ISSN 0303-7207, 2008, Volume 291, Issue 1, pp. 71 - 78
In order to investigate the toxic effect of intermittent high glucose (IHG) and sustained high glucose (SHG) on rat pancreatic beta cell functions and the... 
Oxidative stress | Rat pancreatic islet | INS-1 cell | Glucotoxicity | Intermittent high glucose | Endoplasmic reticulum stress | TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PDX-1 | N-TERMINAL KINASE | CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS | glucotoxicity | ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM STRESS | endoplasmic reticulum stress | TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL | CELL BIOLOGY | INSULIN GENE-EXPRESSION | UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE | intermittent high glucose | ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS | MONOCYTE ADHESION | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS | oxidative stress | rat pancreatic islet | Transcription Factor CHOP - genetics | eIF-2 Kinase - metabolism | Endoplasmic Reticulum - metabolism | Male | Tyrosine - analogs & derivatives | Insulin-Secreting Cells - metabolism | Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 - metabolism | Glucose - toxicity | Insulin-Secreting Cells - cytology | Deoxyguanosine - analogs & derivatives | eIF-2 Kinase - genetics | Cell Survival | Cells, Cultured | Activating Transcription Factor 4 - genetics | Rats | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Tyrosine - metabolism | Animals | Activating Transcription Factor 4 - metabolism | Insulin-Secreting Cells - drug effects | Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 - genetics | Glucose - metabolism | Stress, Psychological | Deoxyguanosine - metabolism | Signal Transduction - physiology | Enzyme Activation | Transcription Factor CHOP - metabolism | Glucose metabolism | Pancreatic beta cells | Glucose | Gene expression | Dextrose | Index Medicus
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7. Full Text Intermittent high glucose enhances ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture: The distinct role of protein kinase C and mitochondrial superoxide production
by Quagliaro, Lisa and Piconi, Ludovica and Assaloni, Roberta and Da Ros, Roberto and Maier, Amabile and Zuodar, Gianni and Ceriello, Antonio
Atherosclerosis, ISSN 0021-9150, 2005, Volume 183, Issue 2, pp. 259 - 267
In this study the effects of stable and intermittent high glucose concentrations on ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin production, PKC activity and PKCβI, βII and δ... 
Adhesion molecules | PKC | Mitochondrial superoxide | Intermittent glucose | Endothelium | endothelium | OXIDATIVE STRESS | ACTIVATION | CIRCULATING ADHESION MOLECULES | BLOOD-GLUCOSE | ATHEROSCLEROSIS | MECHANISMS | intermittent glucose | DIABETES-MELLITUS | mitochondrial superoxide | HYPERGLYCEMIA | adhesion molecules | CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE | PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE | COMPLICATIONS | Endothelium, Vascular - cytology | Mitochondria - enzymology | Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 - drug effects | Gene Expression - drug effects | Humans | Glucose - administration & dosage | Dose-Response Relationship, Drug | RNA, Messenger - biosynthesis | E-Selectin - genetics | Protein Kinase C - metabolism | Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 - biosynthesis | E-Selectin - biosynthesis | Superoxides - metabolism | Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 - drug effects | Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 - genetics | E-Selectin - drug effects | Umbilical Veins - cytology | Deoxyguanosine - analogs & derivatives | Infant, Newborn | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Protein Kinase C - drug effects | RNA, Messenger - genetics | Cells, Cultured | Blotting, Western | Blotting, Northern | Endothelium, Vascular - metabolism | Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 - genetics | Deoxyguanosine - metabolism | Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 - biosynthesis | Oxidative Stress - drug effects | In Vitro Techniques | Sweetening Agents - administration & dosage | Umbilical Veins - metabolism | Messenger RNA | Atherosclerosis | Superoxide | Glucose | Protein kinases | Dextrose | Porphyrins
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8. Full Text Honokiol protects pancreatic β cell against high glucose and intermittent hypoxia-induced injury by activating Nrf2/ARE pathway in vitro and in vivo
by Li, Zhu and Li, Chun-jun and Li, Chen-guang and Ni, Chang-lin and Yang, Min and Tang, Yun-zhao and Zhu, Yan-juan and Jiang, Zhen-huan and Sun, Bei
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, ISSN 0753-3322, 01/2018, Volume 97, pp. 1229 - 1237
Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is associated with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although... 
Intermittent hypoxia | Type 2 diabetes | Honokiol | Pancreatic β cell | Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway | CANCER-CELLS | MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL | OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP-APNEA | OXIDATIVE STRESS | LIPID-PEROXIDATION | Pancreatic beta cell | SENSITIVITY | RESPONSES | MAGNOLOL | INSULIN-RESISTANCE | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | MICE | NF-KAPPA-B
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9. Full Text Intermittent high glucose-induced oxidative stress modulates retinal pigmented epithelial cell autophagy and promotes cell survival via increased HMGB1
by Zhang, Wei and Song, Jian and Zhang, Yue and Ma, Yingxue and Yang, Jing and He, Guanghui and Chen, Song
BMC Ophthalmology, ISSN 1471-2415, 08/2018, Volume 18, Issue 1, pp. 192 - 8
Background: In this study, we evaluated the effects of intermittent high glucose on oxidative stress production in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells and... 
Oxidative stress | HMGB1 | Autophagy | Intermittent high glucose | Retinal pigment epithelium cell | APOPTOSIS | NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION | DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | NEPHROPATHY | PROTECTS | OPHTHALMOLOGY | DYSFUNCTION | ASSOCIATION | Autophagy (Cytology) | Cellular signal transduction | Research | Epithelial cells | Apoptosis | Immunohistochemistry | Diabetic retinopathy | Cell survival | Cardiomyopathy | Pathogenesis | Homeostasis | Acetylcysteine | Retina | Pyruvic acid | Superoxide dismutase | Glucose | HMGB1 protein | Proteins | Ammonium chloride | Transmission electron microscopy | Diabetes | Ophthalmology | Phagocytosis
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10. Full Text Intermittent high glucose enhances cell proliferation and VEGF expression in retinal endothelial cells: the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
by Sun, Jiazhong and Xu, Yancheng and Sun, Suxin and Sun, Yanlei and Wang, Xiang
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, ISSN 0300-8177, 10/2010, Volume 343, Issue 1, pp. 27 - 35
Proliferation of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) is an important event in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Glucose fluctuations are strong... 
Life Sciences | Biochemistry, general | Cell proliferation | Oxidative stress | Diabetic retinopathy | VEGF | Oncology | Medical Biochemistry | Cardiology | Intermittent high glucose | PROTEIN-KINASE-C | ABNORMALITIES | CELL BIOLOGY | VARIABILITY | IN-VITRO | RETINOPATHY | GROWTH-FACTOR | NEOVASCULARIZATION | UP-REGULATION | MOLECULAR-MECHANISMS | Retina - drug effects | Retina - metabolism | Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Oxidative Stress | Humans | Cells, Cultured | Glucose - pharmacology | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - metabolism | Tyrosine - analogs & derivatives | Endothelium - cytology | Glucose - administration & dosage | Dose-Response Relationship, Drug | Endothelium - drug effects | Blotting, Northern | Tyrosine - metabolism | Endothelium - metabolism | Retina - cytology | Deoxyguanosine - metabolism | Cell Proliferation - drug effects | Deoxyguanosine - analogs & derivatives | Benzoic acid | Glucose metabolism | RNA | Development and progression | Glucose | Vascular endothelial growth factor | Dextrose | Porphyrins | Endothelium | Cell growth | Biochemistry | Gene expression
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11. Full Text Intermittent high glucose enhances proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by upregulating osteopontin
by Sun, Jiazhong and Sun, Yanlei and Xu, Yancheng and Dai, Zhe
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, ISSN 0303-7207, 2009, Volume 313, Issue 1, pp. 64 - 69
Hyperglycemia induces vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and may thus contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Glucose... 
Osteopontin | VSMCs | Intermittent high glucose | Atherosclerosis | MIGRATION | CULTURED MESANGIAL CELLS | OXIDATIVE STRESS | RISK-FACTORS | DEFICIENT MICE | HYPOXIA | CELL BIOLOGY | HYPERGLYCEMIA | HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | COMPLICATIONS | EXPRESSION | Cell Proliferation | Rats, Wistar | Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - metabolism | Humans | Cells, Cultured | Rats | Male | Osteopontin - metabolism | Muscle, Smooth, Vascular - cytology | Hyperglycemia - metabolism | Animals | Glucose - metabolism | Myocytes, Smooth Muscle - cytology | Myocytes, Smooth Muscle - metabolism | Hyperglycemia | Dextrose | Glucose
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12. Full Text Intermittent high glucose enhances ICAM-1, VICAM-1, E-selectin and interleukin-6 expression in human umbilical enclothelial cells in culture: the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
by Piconi, L and Quagliaro, L and Da Ros, R and Assaloni, R and Giugliano, D and Esposito, K and Szabo, C and Ceriello, A
JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, ISSN 1538-7933, 08/2004, Volume 2, Issue 8, pp. 1453 - 1459
It has been previously reported that endothelial cells exposed to constant high concentrations of glucose upregulate the expression of adhesion molecules.... 
poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase | OXIDATIVE STRESS | GLYCEMIC CONTROL | INTERCELLULAR-ADHESION MOLECULE-1 | ACUTE HYPERGLYCEMIA | ICAM-1 | intermittent glucose | MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS | IL-6 | DIABETES-MELLITUS | E-selectin | VCAM-1 | REACTIVE OXYGEN | NITROTYROSINE FORMATION | ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS | CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE | PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE | HEMATOLOGY
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13. Full Text Intermittent high glucose enhances ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, E‐selectin and interleukin‐6 expression in human umbilical endothelial cells in culture: the role of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase
by Piconi, L and Quagliaro, L and Da Ros, R and Assaloni, R and Giugliano, D and Esposito, K and Szabó, C and Ceriello, A
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, ISSN 1538-7933, 08/2004, Volume 2, Issue 8, pp. 1453 - 1459
It has been previously reported that endothelial cells exposed to constant high concentrations of glucose upregulate the expression of adhesion molecules.... 
VCAM‐1 | ICAM‐1 | intermittent glucose | poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase | E‐selectin | IL‐6 | Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase | E-selectin | VCAM-1 | ICAM-1 | IL-6 | Intermittent glucose | Endothelium, Vascular - cytology | Up-Regulation | Oxidative Stress | Humans | RNA, Messenger - metabolism | Tyrosine - analogs & derivatives | Time Factors | Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 - biosynthesis | E-Selectin - biosynthesis | Interleukin-6 - metabolism | Umbilical Veins - cytology | Tyrosine - chemistry | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Cells, Cultured | Inflammation | Blotting, Northern | Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases - metabolism | Tyrosine - metabolism | Nitrogen - chemistry | Endothelium, Vascular - metabolism | Glucose - metabolism | Interleukin-6 - biosynthesis | Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 - biosynthesis | Enzyme Activation | Oscillometry
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14. Full Text Systematic investigation into the role of intermittent high glucose in pancreatic beta-cells
by Shao, Chen and Gu, Jianqiu and Meng, Xin and Zheng, Hongzhi and Wang, Difei
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ISSN 1940-5901, 2015, Volume 8, Issue 4, pp. 5462 - 5469
Objectives: Glucose fluctuation is suggested to be the leading cause of beta-cell damages. To determine how it induces beta-cell dysfunction, we systematically... 
Intermittent high glucose | Pancreatic beta-cells | Treatment | MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL | treatment | APOPTOSIS | ENZYME GENE-EXPRESSION | PTEN | pancreatic beta-cells | MECHANISMS | DELETION | CALCIUM-CHANNELS | ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS | CLINICAL-IMPLICATIONS | RESISTANCE | INSULIN HYPERSENSITIVITY
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15. Full Text Intermittent high glucose promotes expression of proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes
by Li-bo, Yang and Li-bo, Yang and Wen-bo, Qi and Wen-bo, Qi and Xiao-hong, Lv and Xiao-hong, Lv and You-lun, Feng and You-lun, Feng and Tie, Zhang and Tie, Zhang
Inflammation Research, ISSN 1023-3830, 4/2011, Volume 60, Issue 4, pp. 367 - 370
The aim of this study was to examine expression of proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes under fluctuating glucose conditions.Monocytic cells (THP-1) were... 
Allergology | Neurology | Biomedicine | Immunology | Monocyte | TNF-α | Dermatology | Rheumatology | Pharmacology/Toxicology | Intermittent glucose | IL-6 | CD11b | MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION | TNF-alpha | TOLERANCE | ATHEROSCLEROSIS | RISK | IMMUNOLOGY | INTERLEUKIN-6 | CELL BIOLOGY | DIABETIC-PATIENTS | IN-VITRO | ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS | CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE | ASSOCIATION | Monocytes - drug effects | CD11b Antigen - immunology | Monocytes - cytology | Humans | Cells, Cultured | Interleukin-6 - immunology | Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - immunology | Glucose - pharmacology | Monocytes - immunology | Cytokines - immunology | Glucose | Cytokines | Analysis | Dextrose
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