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1. Full Text Use of spacers for patients treated with pressurized metered dose inhalers: focus on the VENTOLIN™ Mini Spacer
by Anderson, Gregor and Johnson, Neil and Mulgirigama, Aruni and Aggarwal, Bhumika
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, ISSN 1742-5247, 04/2018, Volume 15, Issue 4, pp. 419 - 430
Introduction: Spacers offer a multitude of benefits by reducing the requirement to coordinate inhalation with actuation and improving inhaler technique in... 
pressurized metered dose inhaler | valved holding device | VENTOLIN™ Mini Spacer | spacers | Asthma | COPD | VENTOLIN (TM) Mini Spacer | DRUG-DELIVERY | ADD-ON DEVICES | PLASTIC SPACERS | AEROSOL THERAPY | LUNG DEPOSITION | VALVED HOLDING CHAMBERS | BRONCHODILATOR RESPONSE | MULTIPLE ACTUATIONS | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | ASTHMATIC-PATIENTS | ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE | Inhalation Spacers | Humans | Administration, Inhalation | Aerosols | Metered Dose Inhalers | Aged | Child | Equipment Design | Nebulizers and Vaporizers | Drug Delivery Systems
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2. Full Text Bronchodilator Effect of Tiotropium via Respimat®Administered with a Spacer in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
by Ogasawara, Takashi and Sakata, Jun and Aoshima, Yoichiro and Tanaka, Kazuki and Yano, Toshiaki and Kasamatsu, Norio
Internal Medicine, ISSN 0918-2918, 2017, Volume 56, Issue 18, pp. 2401 - 2406
Objective Among elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there are some patients who cannot inhale tiotropium via Respimat® due to... 
Respimat | spacer | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | tiotropium | Tiotropium | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Spacer | MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL | Respimat ((R)) | ASTHMA | INHALER | Bronchodilator Agents - therapeutic use | Prospective Studies | Bronchodilator Agents - administration & dosage | Forced Expiratory Volume - drug effects | Humans | Middle Aged | Administration, Inhalation | Male | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - physiopathology | Terbutaline - analogs & derivatives | Cross-Over Studies | Terbutaline - administration & dosage | Tiotropium Bromide - administration & dosage | Female | Tiotropium Bromide - therapeutic use | Aged | Respiratory Function Tests | Nebulizers and Vaporizers | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - drug therapy | Elderly people | Respiratory therapy | Therapy | Lung diseases | Obstructive lung disease | Respiration | Patients | Elderly | Inhalation | Geriatrics | Original
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3. Full Text Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma
by Cates, Christopher J and Cates, Christopher J and Welsh, Emma J and Welsh, Emma J and Rowe, Brian H and Rowe, Brian H
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, ISSN 1469-493X, 2013, Volume 9, Issue 9, p. CD000052
Background In acute asthma inhaled beta -agonists are often administered by nebuliser to relieve bronchospasm, but some have argued that metered-dose inhalers... 
BRONCHODILATOR DELIVERY METHODS | Acute Disease | Adrenergic beta-Agonists [administration & dosage] | WET NEBULIZER | JET NEBULIZER | Humans | PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY-DEPARTMENT | Preschool | RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL | Equipment Design | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | METERED-DOSE-INHALER | MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL | HAND-HELD NEBULIZER | Anti-Asthmatic Agents [administration & dosage] | PEAR-SHAPED SPACER | Asthma [drug therapy] | Adult | Child | Nebulizers and Vaporizers | YOUNG-CHILDREN | AIR-FLOW OBSTRUCTION | Child, Preschool | Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data | Asthma - drug therapy | Inhalation Spacers - statistics & numerical data | Adrenergic beta-Agonists - administration & dosage | Anti-Asthmatic Agents - administration & dosage | Length of Stay - statistics & numerical data
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4. Full Text Improving Resident Knowledge of Spacers
by Kilgore, Brian and Al Katranji, Khalid and Woodall, Meredith and Shepherd, Meagan and Flesher, Susan L
Clinical Pediatrics, ISSN 0009-9228, 10/2016, Volume 55, Issue 11, pp. 1050 - 1053
Studies show the delivery of inhaled medications is maximized when a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with a spacer is utilized. Our residents expressed concern with... 
asthma | resident education | metered-dose inhalers | confidence | inhalation spacers | EMERGENCY | METERED-DOSE INHALER | NEBULIZER | PEDIATRICS | CHILDREN | Inhalation Spacers - statistics & numerical data | Pediatricians - education | Bronchodilator Agents - administration & dosage | Follow-Up Studies | Internship and Residency | Humans | Pediatricians - statistics & numerical data | Administration, Inhalation | Clinical Competence - statistics & numerical data | Self-Assessment | Surveys and Questionnaires | Asthma - drug therapy | Usage | Care and treatment | Inhalers | Asthma | Pediatrics | Medical residencies | Quality of care
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5. Full Text Metered‐dose inhaler therapy with spacers: Are newborns capable of using this system correctly?
by Herbes, Carolina and Gonçalves, Amanda Machado and Motta, Gabriela Cantori and Ventura, Danielle Aparecida dos Santos and Colvero, Maurício and Amantéa, Sérgio Luis
Pediatric Pulmonology, ISSN 8755-6863, 09/2019, Volume 54, Issue 9, pp. 1417 - 1421
Introduction: Aerosol therapy using a metered‐dose inhaler (MDI) coupled to a spacer chamber is the most widely used long‐term treatment modality for chronic... 
manometry | newborns | metered‐dose inhalers | respiratory therapy | aerosols | inhalation spacers | metered-dose inhalers | SMALL CHILDREN | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | INFANTS | PEDIATRICS | AEROSOL DELIVERY | Infants (Newborn) | Financial disclosure
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6. Full Text The Evolution of Spacers and Valved Holding Chambers
by Nikander, Kurt and Nicholls, Clare and Denyer, John and Pritchard, John
Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery, ISSN 1941-2711, 08/2014, Volume 27, Issue S1, pp. S-4 - S-23
Spacers and valved holding chambers (VHCs) are pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) accessory devices, designed to overcome problems that patients commonly... 
Review | inhalation delay | patent | pMDI accessory device | electrostatic | adherence | spacer | valved holding chamber | INHALATION DELIVERY | YOUNG ASTHMATIC-CHILDREN | DRUG-DELIVERY | PMDI-SPACER | ADD-ON DEVICES | WHEEZY INFANTS | AEROSOL DELIVERY | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | PRESSURIZED AEROSOLS | METERED-DOSE INHALERS | ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE | Drug Delivery Systems - instrumentation | Age Factors | History, 21st Century | History, 20th Century | Humans | Administration, Inhalation | Child, Preschool | Infant | Metered Dose Inhalers - history | Drug Delivery Systems - history | Equipment Design | Masks - trends | Pressure | Chemistry, Pharmaceutical | Particle Size | Masks - history | Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry | Aerosols | Drug Delivery Systems - trends | Patient Compliance | Pharmaceutical Preparations - administration & dosage | Child | Metered Dose Inhalers - trends
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7. Full Text Effect of a spacer on total systemic and lung bioavailability in healthy volunteers and in vitro performance of the Symbicort® (budesonide/formoterol) pressurized metered dose inhaler
by Gillen, Michael and Forte, Pablo and Svensson, Jan Olof and Lamarca, Rosa and Burke, Joanna and Rask, Karolina and Larsdotter Nilsson, Ulrika and Eckerwall, Göran
Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, ISSN 1094-5539, 10/2018, Volume 52, pp. 7 - 17
Many patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma experience difficulties in coordinating inhalation with pressurized metered-dose inhaler... 
Budesonide | Formoterol | Bioavailability | Spacer | pMDI | Charcoal | EFFICACY | OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE | THERAPY | PHARMACOKINETICS | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | EXACERBATIONS | ASTHMA | DEVICES | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | COPD | Formoterol Fumarate - blood | Inhalation Spacers | Bronchodilator Agents - administration & dosage | Humans | Middle Aged | Administration, Inhalation | Biological Availability | Male | Budesonide - blood | Cross-Over Studies | Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination - pharmacokinetics | Formoterol Fumarate - pharmacokinetics | Metered Dose Inhalers | Adult | Female | Lung - metabolism | Budesonide - pharmacokinetics | Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination - administration & dosage | Pharmaceutical Sciences | Radiologi och bildbehandling | Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging | Farmaceutisk vetenskap | Lungmedicin och allergi | Respiratory Medicine and Allergy
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8. Full Text Investigation of multiphase multicomponent aerosol flow dictating pMDI-spacer interactions
by Sarkar, Saurabh and Peri, S. Prasad and Chaudhuri, Bodhisattwa
International Journal of Pharmaceutics, ISSN 0378-5173, 08/2017, Volume 529, Issue 1-2, pp. 264 - 274
The use of Pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) for the treatment of asthma and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases is frequently associated with... 
Pressurized metered dose inhalers | Recirculation | Drug deposition | Computational fluid dynamics | Spacers | CFD | DRUG-DELIVERY | SIZE | MODEL | FORMULATIONS | DEVICES | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | METERED-DOSE INHALERS | Administration, Inhalation | Aerosols | Metered Dose Inhalers | Inhalation Spacers | Equipment Design | Respiratory agents | Fluid dynamics | Analysis | Investigations | Asthma
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9. Full Text Demonstrating and Assessing Metered-Dose Inhaler–Spacer Technique
: Pediatric Care Providers’ Self-Reported Practices and Perceived Barriers
by Reznik, Marina and Jaramillo, Yudilyn and Wylie-Rosett, Judith
Clinical Pediatrics, ISSN 0009-9228, 3/2014, Volume 53, Issue 3, pp. 270 - 276
The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program recommends that providers demonstrate and assess metered-dose inhaler–spacer (MDI-S) technique at each... 
asthma | barriers | MDI-spacer technique | pediatric care provider | MANAGEMENT | DEVICE TECHNIQUE | ASTHMA VISITS | EDUCATION | CHILDREN | NURSES | PEDIATRICS | COMMUNICATION | CAREGIVERS | Attitude of Health Personnel | Health Services Accessibility - statistics & numerical data | Cross-Sectional Studies | Humans | Self Report | Administration, Inhalation | Asthma - drug therapy | New York City | Metered Dose Inhalers - statistics & numerical data | Pediatrics - statistics & numerical data | Pediatrics - methods | Clinical Competence - statistics & numerical data | Surveys and Questionnaires | Anti-Asthmatic Agents - administration & dosage | Access control | Medical centres | Drug therapy | Education | Spacer | Asthma
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10. Full Text Comparative lung bioavailability of fluticasone/salmeterol via a breath-actuated spacer and conventional plastic spacers
by Nair, Arun and McKinlay, Lorna and Williamson, Peter and Short, Philip and Burns, Patricia and Lipworth, Brian J
European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, ISSN 0031-6970, 4/2011, Volume 67, Issue 4, pp. 355 - 363
This study compares the in vivo relative lung bioavailability of Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) Seretide delivered via unprimed and unwashed Aerochamber Plus (AP) or... 
Biomedicine | Lung bioavailability | Spacer | Salmeterol | Fluticasone | Pharmacology/Toxicology | Asthma | Seretide | SYSTEMIC BIOACTIVITY | SALBUTAMOL | DOSE-RESPONSE | DEVICE | DELIVERY | PROPIONATE | PHARMACOKINETICS | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | Inhalation Spacers | Double-Blind Method | Humans | Middle Aged | Administration, Inhalation | Albuterol - analogs & derivatives | Albuterol - pharmacokinetics | Biological Availability | Hydrocortisone - urine | Male | Creatinine - urine | Cross-Over Studies | Androstadienes - administration & dosage | Albuterol - administration & dosage | Adult | Female | Potassium - blood | Lung - metabolism | Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination | Androstadienes - pharmacokinetics | Drug Combinations | Valves | Corticosteroids | Comparative analysis | Steroids | Comparative studies | Bioavailability | Drug therapy | Lung diseases
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11. Full Text In Vitro Performance of Spacers for Aerosol Delivery during Adult Mechanical Ventilation
by Boukhettala, Nabile and Porée, Thierry and Diot, Patrice and Vecellio, Laurent
Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery, ISSN 1941-2711, 04/2015, Volume 28, Issue 2, pp. 13 - 136
Background: During mechanical ventilation, different aerosol generators are employed with various interfaces. The objective of this study was to evaluate the... 
Original Research | vibrating mesh | spacer | aerosol delivery | nebulizer | mechanical ventilation | pMDI | DRUG-DELIVERY | AMIKACIN | DEVICE | MODEL | METERED-DOSE INHALER | THERAPY | BRONCHODILATOR DELIVERY | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | Beclomethasone - administration & dosage | Vibration | Bronchodilator Agents - administration & dosage | Humans | Administration, Inhalation | Materials Testing | Equipment Design | Respiration, Artificial - instrumentation | Ventilators, Mechanical | Amikacin - administration & dosage | Albuterol - administration & dosage | Humidity | Aerosols | Metered Dose Inhalers | Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists - administration & dosage | Adult | Anti-Bacterial Agents - administration & dosage | Nebulizers and Vaporizers | Models, Anatomic
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12. Full Text Evaluation of asthma control, parents' quality of life and preference between AeroChamber Plus and AeroChamber Plus Flow-Vu spacers in young children with asthma
by Ammari, Wesam G and Toor, Sophie and Chetcuti, Philip and Stephenson, John and Chrystyn, Henry
Journal of Asthma, ISSN 0277-0903, 4/2015, Volume 52, Issue 3, pp. 301 - 307
Abstract Objective: The AeroChamber Plus (AC) valved holding chamber has been enhanced to include the Flow-Vu (FV) inspiratory flow indicator that provides... 
visual indicator | spacer | quality of life | infants with asthma | Caregiver | parents | Infants with asthma | Visual indicator | Spacer | Parents | Quality of life | MANAGEMENT | DEPOSITION | INSTRUCTIONS | INHALATION TECHNIQUE | SYSTEMIC BIOAVAILABILITY | DELIVERY | METERED-DOSE INHALER | AEROSOL | ALLERGY | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | DEVICES | RELATIVE LUNG | Humans | Administration, Inhalation | Child, Preschool | Infant | Male | Adrenal Cortex Hormones - therapeutic use | Asthma - drug therapy | Patient Acuity | Parents - psychology | Metered Dose Inhalers | Quality of Life | Female | Surveys and Questionnaires | Adrenal Cortex Hormones - administration & dosage
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13. Full Text Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD
by van Geffen, Wouter H and Douma, W.R and Slebos, Dirk Jan and Kerstjens, Huib A.M
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ISSN 1469-493X, 08/2016, Volume 2016, Issue 8, p. CD011826
Background Bronchodilators are a central component for treating exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) all over the world. Clinicians... 
MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL | METERED-DOSE INHALER | OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE | COST | SALBUTAMOL | INHALATION | TERBUTALINE | RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL | OUTCOMES | IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE | RELATIVE LUNG | Forced Expiratory Volume | Dry Powder Inhalers | Bronchodilator Agents - administration & dosage | Time Factors | Humans | Metered Dose Inhalers - adverse effects | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - physiopathology | Disease Progression | Inhalation Spacers - adverse effects | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - drug therapy | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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14. Full Text Aerosol inhalation from spacers and valved holding chambers requires few tidal breaths for children
by Schultz, André and Le Souëf, Timothy J and Venter, André and Zhang, Guicheng and Devadason, Sunalene G and Le Souëf, Peter N
Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, 12/2010, Volume 126, Issue 6, pp. e1493 - e1498
OBJECTIVE: The goal was to determine the number of breaths required to inhale salbutamol from different spacers/valved holding chambers (VHCs). METHODS:... 
Aerosol drug therapy | Children | Asthma | SALBUTAMOL | DRUG-DELIVERY | FACEMASK | IN-VITRO PERFORMANCE | asthma | PREVALENCE | COMBINATIONS | THERAPY | aerosol drug therapy | children | DEVICES | PEDIATRICS | METERED-DOSE INHALERS | ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE | Inhalation Spacers | Bronchodilator Agents - administration & dosage | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Administration, Inhalation | Child, Preschool | Male | Aerosols - administration & dosage | Asthma - drug therapy | Equipment Design | Particle Size | Albuterol - administration & dosage | Female | Respiration | Child | Tidal Volume - physiology | Aerosols | Pediatrics | Drug therapy | Children & youth
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15. Development of an Intelligent Spacer Data Logger System
by O'Callaghan, Chris and Smith, Nicholas J and Barry, Peter W and Denyer, John
Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery, ISSN 1941-2711, 12/2017, Volume 30, Issue 6, pp. 444 - 450
Background: Although delivery of drugs from pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) via spacer devices is widespread it cannot be assumed that patients take... 
pressurized metered dose inhaler | inhalation delay | adherence | electronic monitoring | inhaler technique | asthma | sedimentation | valved holding chamber | pediatric | compliance | pMDI | Spacer | fluticasone propionate | beclomethasone dipropionate | COPD | electronic logging | inhaled corticosteroids | SALBUTAMOL | DRUG-DELIVERY | MULTIPLE ACTUATIONS | ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE | YOUNG-CHILDREN | OUTPUT | INHALATION | IN-VITRO DELIVERY | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | DEVICES | Drugs | Drug delivery systems | Shaking | Childrens health | Critical care | Drug delivery | Fluticasone | Masks | Delay | Optimization | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Inhalers | Drug dosages | Respiratory therapy | Propionic acid | Lung diseases | Actuation | Thorax | Patients | Asthma | Inhalation | Children & youth | Obstructive lung disease | Aerosols | Breathing | Respiration
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