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1. Full Text GLP-1 receptors exist in the parietal cortex, hypothalamus and medulla of human brains and the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide alters brain activity related to highly desirable food cues in individuals with diabetes: a crossover, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
by Farr, Olivia M and Sofopoulos, Michail and Tsoukas, Michael A and Dincer, Fadime and Thakkar, Bindiya and Sahin-Efe, Ayse and Filippaios, Andreas and Bowers, Jennifer and Srnka, Alexandra and Gavrieli, Anna and Ko, Byung-Joon and Liakou, Chrysoula and Kanyuch, Nickole and Tseleni-Balafouta, Sofia and Mantzoros, Christos S
Diabetologia, ISSN 0012-186X, 05/2016, Volume 59, Issue 5, pp. 954 - 965
Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue that has been demonstrated to successfully treat diabetes and promote weight loss. The mechanisms by... 
Immunohistochemistry | Brain | fMRI | GLP-1 | MRI | Diabetes | Liraglutide | RISK | OBESITY | GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | NEURONS | NAUSEA | WEIGHT | APPETITE | EXPRESSION | Humans | Middle Aged | Male | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - metabolism | Brain - metabolism | Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor - metabolism | Liraglutide - pharmacology | Aged, 80 and over | Adult | Female | Hypothalamus - drug effects | Hypoglycemic Agents - therapeutic use | Double-Blind Method | Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 - analogs & derivatives | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Medulla Oblongata - metabolism | Hypoglycemic Agents - pharmacology | Blood Glucose - drug effects | Brain - drug effects | Cross-Over Studies | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Hypothalamus - metabolism | Liraglutide - therapeutic use | Aged | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - drug therapy | Clinical trials | Analysis | Diabetes therapy | Index Medicus
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2. Full Text Central efferent pathways for cold‐defensive and febrile shivering
by Nakamura, Kazuhiro and Morrison, Shaun F
The Journal of Physiology, ISSN 0022-3751, 07/2011, Volume 589, Issue 14, pp. 3641 - 3658
Non‐technical summary  Shivering is an involuntary somatic motor response that occurs in skeletal muscles to produce heat during exposure to cold environments... 
PHYSIOLOGY | NONSHIVERING THERMOGENESIS | 5-HT1A RECEPTORS | SYMPATHETIC PREMOTOR NEURONS | SPINAL-CORD | DORSOMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS | BROWN ADIPOSE-TISSUE | EXPRESSING PREOPTIC NEURONS | BODY-TEMPERATURE | NEUROSCIENCES | PROSTAGLANDIN EP3 RECEPTOR | RAPHE PALLIDUS | Skin Temperature - physiology | Neural Pathways - drug effects | Efferent Pathways - physiology | Fever - metabolism | Male | Preoptic Area - metabolism | Neural Pathways - physiology | Fever - physiopathology | N-Methylaspartate - pharmacology | Neurons - metabolism | Medulla Oblongata - physiology | Preoptic Area - physiology | Dinoprostone - pharmacology | Body Temperature Regulation - physiology | Shivering - physiology | Rats | Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus - drug effects | Tachycardia - metabolism | Raphe Nuclei - drug effects | Raphe Nuclei - physiology | Neural Pathways - metabolism | Adipose Tissue, Brown - drug effects | Receptors, GABA-A - metabolism | Muscimol - pharmacology | Rats, Wistar | Preoptic Area - drug effects | Sympathetic Nervous System - drug effects | GABA-A Receptor Antagonists - metabolism | Sympathetic Nervous System - metabolism | Raphe Nuclei - metabolism | Thermogenesis - physiology | Heart Rate - drug effects | Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus - metabolism | Sympathetic Nervous System - physiology | Shivering - drug effects | Neurons - physiology | Heart Rate - physiology | Blood Pressure - drug effects | Blood Pressure - physiology | Tachycardia - pathology | Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus - physiology | Neurons - drug effects | Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A - metabolism | Cold Temperature | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Medulla Oblongata - metabolism | Adipose Tissue, Brown - physiology | 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin - pharmacology | Efferent Pathways - metabolism | Animals | Thermogenesis - drug effects | GABA | Heart beat | Neurons | Analysis | Prostaglandins E | Heart rate | Skin | Cooling | Thermogenesis | Cold | Rodents | Index Medicus | Integrative
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3. Full Text Endogenous adenosine A3 receptor activation selectively alleviates persistent pain states
by Little, Joshua W and Ford, Amanda and Symons-Liguori, Ashley M and Chen, Zhoumou and Janes, Kali and Doyle, Timothy and Xie, Jennifer and Luongo, Livio and Tosh, Dillip K and Maione, Sabatino and Bannister, Kirsty and Dickenson, Anthony H and Vanderah, Todd W and Porreca, Frank and Jacobson, Kenneth A and Salvemini, Daniela
Brain, ISSN 0006-8950, 12/2015, Volume 138, Issue 1, pp. 28 - 35
Chronic pain is a global burden that promotes disability and unnecessary suffering. To date, efficacious treatment of chronic pain has not been achieved. Thus,... 
Adenosine | Rostral ventromedial medulla | Spontaneous pain | Chronic pain | Neuralgia - genetics | Spinal Cord - drug effects | Spinal Cord - metabolism | Neuralgia - metabolism | Male | Neuralgia - pathology | Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists - pharmacology | Time Factors | Spinal Cord - pathology | Receptor, Adenosine A3 - metabolism | Pain Threshold - drug effects | Neurons - metabolism | Neurons - drug effects | Hyperalgesia - diagnosis | Medulla Oblongata - physiology | Morpholines - therapeutic use | Disease Models, Animal | Pyridines - therapeutic use | Gene Expression Regulation - genetics | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Morpholines - pharmacology | Rats | Mice, Transgenic | Adenosine - pharmacology | Pyrimidines - pharmacology | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Neuralgia - drug therapy | Hyperalgesia - physiopathology | Gene Expression Regulation - drug effects | Animals | Pyrimidines - therapeutic use | Receptor, Adenosine A3 - genetics | Mice | Pyridines - pharmacology | Naloxone - administration & dosage | Pain Measurement | Index Medicus | Abridged Index Medicus | adenosine | spontaneous pain | Reports | chronic pain | rostral ventromedial medulla | A3AR
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4. Full Text Engagement of descending inhibition from the rostral ventromedial medulla protects against chronic neuropathic pain
by De Felice, Milena and Sanoja, Raul and Wang, Ruizhong and Vera-Portocarrero, Louis and Oyarzo, Janice and King, Tamara and Ossipov, Michael H and Vanderah, Todd W and Lai, Josephine and Dussor, Gregory O and Fields, Howard L and Price, Theodore J and Porreca, Frank
Pain, ISSN 0304-3959, 2011, Volume 152, Issue 12, pp. 2701 - 2709
A rat population with variable responses to nerve injury indicated that activation of descending inhibition with a spinal noradrenergic component prevents... 
Any order | Word | TACTILE ALLODYNIA | SPINAL-CORD | MODULATING NEURONS | NEUROSCIENCES | SUBCUTANEOUS FORMALIN | CLINICAL NEUROLOGY | PERIPHERAL-NERVE INJURY | SCIATIC-NERVE | OPIOID RECEPTOR | ANESTHESIOLOGY | SYSTEMIC ARTEMIN | NOXIOUS HEAT | EXCITATORY TRANSMITTER RELEASE | Pain Threshold - physiology | Efferent Pathways - physiology | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Rats | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Efferent Pathways - drug effects | Neural Inhibition - physiology | Animals | Spinal Cord - pathology | Spinal Cord - physiology | Pain Threshold - drug effects | Chronic Pain - physiopathology | Neuralgia - physiopathology | Medulla Oblongata - physiology | Neural Inhibition - drug effects | Disease Models, Animal | Neurosciences | Universities and colleges | Index Medicus
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5. Full Text Selective pharmacogenetic activation of catecholamine subgroups in the ventrolateral medulla elicits key glucoregulatory responses
by Li, Ai-Jun and Wang, Qing and Ritter, Sue
Endocrinology, ISSN 0013-7227, 01/2018, Volume 159, Issue 1, pp. 341 - 355
Catecholamine (CA) neurons in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) contribute importantly to glucoregulation during glucose deficit. However, it is not known which... 
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING-FACTOR | MALE RATS | VASOPRESSIN RESPONSE | PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS | SUBSEQUENT GLUCOPRIVATION | DECEREBRATE RATS | BLOOD-GLUCOSE | ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM | VENTRICULAR ALLOXAN INJECTION | IMMUNOTOXIC DESTRUCTION | SYNTHESIZING NEURONS | Activation, Metabolic | Adrenal Medulla - metabolism | Neurons - pathology | Catecholamines - metabolism | Receptors, Drug - administration & dosage | Receptors, Drug - genetics | Antipsychotic Agents - adverse effects | Humans | Male | Receptors, Drug - agonists | Recombinant Fusion Proteins - metabolism | Medulla Oblongata - cytology | Hyperglycemia - chemically induced | Hyperglycemia - pathology | Pharmacogenomic Variants | Behavior, Animal - drug effects | Female | Adrenal Medulla - drug effects | Neurons - metabolism | Spinal Cord Lateral Horn - drug effects | Nerve Tissue Proteins - administration & dosage | Neurons - drug effects | Luminescent Proteins - administration & dosage | Recombinant Fusion Proteins - administration & dosage | Spinal Cord Lateral Horn - pathology | Clozapine - pharmacokinetics | Adrenal Medulla - pathology | Rats, Transgenic | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Nerve Tissue Proteins - agonists | Medulla Oblongata - metabolism | Antipsychotic Agents - pharmacokinetics | Clozapine - analogs & derivatives | Organ Specificity | Nerve Tissue Proteins - genetics | Receptors, Drug - metabolism | Feeding Behavior - drug effects | Hyperglycemia - metabolism | Nerve Tissue Proteins - metabolism | Animals | Spinal Cord Lateral Horn - metabolism | Luminescent Proteins - genetics | Clozapine - adverse effects | Luminescent Proteins - metabolism | Drugs | Subpopulations | Spinal cord | Neurons | Secretion | Corticosterone | Adrenal medulla | Transgenic | Rats | Activation | Pharmacology | Clozapine | Glucose | Catecholamine | Blood | Subgroups | Feeding | Cell activation | Transfection | Rodents | Medulla oblongata | c-Fos protein | Index Medicus | Abridged Index Medicus
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6. Full Text Activation of Akt/FKHR in the medulla oblongata contributes to spontaneous respiratory recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury in adult rats
by Felix, M.S and Bauer, S and Darlot, F and Muscatelli, F and Kastner, A and Gauthier, P and Matarazzo, V
Neurobiology of Disease, ISSN 0969-9961, 2014, Volume 69, pp. 93 - 107
Abstract After incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), patients and animals may exhibit some spontaneous functional recovery which can be partly attributed to... 
Neurology | P-Akt | Diaphragm | FOXO1A | Cervical hemisection | Plasticity | FKHR | PATHWAYS | BRAIN-INJURY | PROTEIN-KINASE | AXONAL REGENERATION | SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY | NEUROSCIENCES | PHRENIC NUCLEUS | CORTICOSPINAL NEURONS | INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA | DIAPHRAGM RECOVERY | CEREBRAL-ISCHEMIA | Phrenic Nerve - pathology | Phrenic Nerve - physiopathology | Recovery of Function - drug effects | Oncogene Protein v-akt - antagonists & inhibitors | Neuronal Plasticity - drug effects | Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases - metabolism | Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases - antagonists & inhibitors | Motor Neurons - pathology | Medulla Oblongata - physiopathology | Spinal Cord Injuries - pathology | Neuronal Plasticity - physiology | Time Factors | Forkhead Transcription Factors - metabolism | Respiration - drug effects | Recovery of Function - physiology | Female | Medulla Oblongata - pathology | Oncogene Protein v-akt - metabolism | Diaphragm - physiopathology | Disease Models, Animal | Cervical Vertebrae | Motor Neurons - physiology | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Functional Laterality | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Nerve Tissue Proteins - metabolism | Animals | Signal Transduction - drug effects | Spinal Cord Injuries - physiopathology | Spinal cord injuries | Index Medicus | Life Sciences | Neurons and Cognition
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7. Full Text The interdependence of excitation and inhibition for the control of dynamic breathing rhythms
by Baertsch, Nathan Andrew and Baertsch, Hans Christopher and Ramirez, Jan Marino
Nature Communications, ISSN 2041-1723, 12/2018, Volume 9, Issue 1, pp. 843 - 17
The preBotzinger Complex (preBotC), a medullary network critical for breathing, relies on excitatory interneurons to generate the inspiratory rhythm. Yet, half... 
PREBOTZINGER COMPLEX | SYNAPTIC INHIBITION | IN-VITRO | PATTERN GENERATION | INSPIRATORY NEURONS | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | PRE-BOTZINGER COMPLEX | NEURAL-NETWORK | NEONATAL MICE | GAMMA OSCILLATIONS | MAMMALIAN RESPIRATORY NETWORK | Interneurons - physiology | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Interneurons - drug effects | Periodicity | Male | Mice, Transgenic | Neurons - cytology | Optogenetics | Strychnine - pharmacology | Pyridazines - pharmacology | Vagotomy | Neural Inhibition - physiology | Feedback, Physiological | Animals | Neurons - physiology | Female | Interneurons - cytology | Mice | Neurons - drug effects | Respiration | Medulla Oblongata - physiology | Neural Inhibition - drug effects | Interneurons | Neurons | Excitability | Electrophysiology | Optics | Rhythm | Feedback inhibition | Depolarization | Refractory period | Information processing | Genetics | Physiology | Sensory feedback | Excitation | Inhibition | Breathing | Index Medicus
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8. Full Text Respiratory control by ventral surface chemoreceptor neurons in rats
by Parker, Anson and Guyenet, Patrice G and Simmons, Johnny R and Bayliss, Douglas A and Stornetta, Ruth L and Weston, Matthew C and Mulkey, Daniel K
Nature Neuroscience, ISSN 1097-6256, 12/2004, Volume 7, Issue 12, pp. 1360 - 1369
A long-standing theory posits that central chemoreception, the CNS mechanism for CO2 detection and regulation of breathing, involves neurons located at the... 
ROSTRAL VENTROLATERAL MEDULLA | IN-VIVO | CO2 | SYMPATHOEXCITATORY NEURONS | RAPHE NEURONS | K+ CHANNEL | NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTORS | NEUROSCIENCES | SEROTONERGIC NEURONS | MODULATION | CENTRAL CHEMOSENSITIVITY | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Rats | Male | Chemoreceptor Cells - physiology | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Action Potentials - physiology | Animals | Respiratory Center - drug effects | Carbon Dioxide - physiology | Neurons - physiology | 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione - pharmacology | In Vitro Techniques | Neurons - drug effects | Medulla Oblongata - physiology | Action Potentials - drug effects | Respiratory Center - physiology | Physiological aspects | Research | Cell nuclei | Neurons | Chemoreceptors | Index Medicus
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9. Full Text Rostral ventrolateral medulla EP3 receptor mediates the sympathoexcitatory and pressor effects of prostaglandin E2 in conscious rats
by Rezq, Samar and Abdel-Rahman, Abdel A
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, ISSN 0022-3565, 11/2016, Volume 359, Issue 2, pp. 290 - 299
Whereas few studies have dealt with the central sympathoexcitatory action of the inflammatory prostanoid prostaglandin E (PGE ), there is no information on the... 
Dinoprostone - pharmacology | Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype - metabolism | Consciousness | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Sympathetic Nervous System - drug effects | Medulla Oblongata - metabolism | NADPH Oxidases - metabolism | Rats | Male | PC12 Cells | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Gene Expression Regulation - drug effects | Animals | Sympathetic Nervous System - physiology | Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 - metabolism | Medulla Oblongata - secretion | Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I - metabolism | Blood Pressure - drug effects | Glutamic Acid - secretion | Oxidative Stress - drug effects | Phosphorylation - drug effects | Medulla Oblongata - physiology | Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 - metabolism | Index Medicus | Cardiovascular
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10. Full Text α2 adrenergic receptor-mediated inhibition of thermogenesis
by Madden, Christopher J and Tupone, Domenico and Cano, Georgina and Morrison, Shaun F
Journal of Neuroscience, ISSN 0270-6474, 01/2013, Volume 33, Issue 5, pp. 2017 - 2028
α2 adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) agonists have been used as antihypertensive agents, in the management of drug withdrawal, and as sedative analgesics. Since... 
Neural Pathways - drug effects | Rats, Wistar | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Sympathetic Nervous System - drug effects | Rats | Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists - pharmacology | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists - pharmacology | Idazoxan - pharmacology | Animals | Raphe Nuclei - drug effects | Shivering - drug effects | Clonidine - pharmacology | Adipose Tissue, Brown - drug effects | Electromyography | Thermogenesis - drug effects | Index Medicus
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11. Full Text Heme oxygenase-1 dependant pathway contributes to protection by tetramethylpyrazine against chronic hypoxic injury on medulla oblongata in rats
by Ding, Yan and Hou, Xuefei and Chen, Li and Zhou, Hua and Gong, Yanju and Dai, Liqun and Zheng, Yu
Journal of the Neurological Sciences, ISSN 0022-510X, 2015, Volume 361, pp. 101 - 111
Abstract Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), one of the active ingredients of the Chinese herb Lingusticum Wallichii (Chuan Xiong) has been proved to protect the... 
Neurology | Neuroprotection | Medulla oblongata | The rat | Tetramethylpyrazine | Chronic hypoxia | Heme oxygenase-1 | APOPTOSIS | OXIDATIVE DAMAGE | NEUROSCIENCES | FIBROBLASTS | CLINICAL NEUROLOGY | ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY | INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA | TIN-PROTOPORPHYRIN | PRE-BOTZINGER COMPLEX | STRESS | EXPRESSION | BRAIN | Malondialdehyde - metabolism | Neuroprotective Agents - therapeutic use | Neurons - pathology | Heme Oxygenase-1 - metabolism | Medulla Oblongata - drug effects | Medulla Oblongata - metabolism | Rats | Male | Pyrazines - therapeutic use | Rats, Sprague-Dawley | Hypoxia, Brain - metabolism | Hypoxia, Brain - pathology | Hypoxia, Brain - prevention & control | Animals | Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology | Medulla Oblongata - pathology | Neurons - metabolism | Oxidative Stress - drug effects | Neurons - drug effects | Pyrazines - pharmacology | Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism | RNA | Superoxide | Heme | Index Medicus
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