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1. Full Text Decreasing spine implant costs and inter-physician cost variation THE IMPACT OF PROGRAMME OF COST CONTAINMENT ON IMPLANT EXPENDITURE IN SPINAL SURGERY
by Oren, J and Hutzler, LH and Hunter, T and Errico, T and Zuckerman, J and Bosco, J
BONE & JOINT JOURNAL, ISSN 2049-4394, 08/2015, Volume 97B, Issue 8, pp. 1102 - 1105
The demand for spinal surgery and its costs have both risen over the past decade. In 2008 the aggregate hospital bill for surgical care of all spinal... 
SURGERY | PAYMENTS | FUSION | ARTHROPLASTY | ANTERIOR CERVICAL DISKECTOMY | ECONOMICS | OPPORTUNITIES | ORTHOPEDICS | TRENDS | CARE | Practice Patterns, Physicians' - economics | Spinal Diseases - surgery | Hospitals, Special - economics | United States | Humans | Cost Control | Spinal Diseases - economics | Prostheses and Implants - economics
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2. Cost and choice
: an inquiry in economic theory
by Buchanan, James M
1969, Markham economics series, 104
Economics | History | Cost | Welfare economics
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3. Greening India's Growth
: Costs, Valuations and Trade-offs
by Mani, Muthukumara, 1964-, editor
2014, Earthscan, ISBN 9780415719353, xi, 194
India’s sustained and rapid economic growth offers an opportunity to lift millions out of poverty. But this may come at a steep cost to its environment and... 
Environmental aspects | Economic development | Sustainable development | Environmental Policy | Development Economics | Sustainable Development | Economic Geography | Environment & Business | Development Geography | Economics and Development | South Asian Studies | Environmental Change & Pollution | Environment & Economics | Environmental Economics | Environmental Geography | Environment & Resources | Environmental Sciences | Conservation - Environment Studies | Environmental Management | Sustainable development - India | LABOR MARKETS | NATURAL CAPITAL | ECONOMIC INCENTIVES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES | RESOURCE CONSERVATION | LOGGING | AIR POLLUTION | PRIVATE CONSUMPTION | SUSTAINABLE GROWTH | OPPORTUNITY COSTS | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | WTP | METALS | INTERMEDIATE GOODS | NATIONAL INCOME | ECONOMIC ANALYSIS | PRICE CHANGES | PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH | MARKET PRICES | ECONOMIC GROWTH | PASTURES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | LAND PRODUCTIVITY | LAND ECONOMICS | REAL WAGES | SULFUR DIOXIDE | TRADEOFFS | OPTIONS | PUBLIC GOOD | ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS | AQUIFERS | POLLUTION | CARBON EMISSIONS | AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS | REVENUES | EQUILIBRIUM | ECONOMIES | EMISSION REDUCTION | THEORETICAL MODELS | AIR POLLUTION CONTROL | MINES | ECONOMIC POLICIES | ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES | ENVIRONMENTAL | LAND DEGRADATION | CLIMATE CHANGE | CONSUMER SURPLUS | WATER POLLUTION | WASTE DISPOSAL | TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS | NITROGEN OXIDES | ENERGY CONSUMPTION | DECISION MAKING | PRODUCTION PROCESSES | AIR QUALITY | VALUES | FOSSIL FUELS | FORESTRY | ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS | ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES | GREEN ACCOUNTING | ABATEMENT COSTS | CARBON | PRICES | ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES | DIMINISHING RETURNS | POPULATION GROWTH | USE VALUE | ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS | URBAN AIR POLLUTION | SOCIAL COSTS | WASTE MANAGEMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS | POLLUTION REDUCTION | WAGE RATES | RIVER BASINS | CONTINGENT VALUATION | ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS | EMISSION ABATEMENT | FOOD POLICY RESEARCH | ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT | RESOURCE USE | ECOLOGY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS | ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS | WETLANDS | PURCHASING POWER | DEFORESTATION | TRADE | CAPITAL TAXES | LAND USE | EMISSIONS | TIMBER | HEALTH PROBLEMS | COAL | WILLINGNESS TO PAY | ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY | CANCER | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS | MARGINAL COSTS | MARGINAL ABATEMENT | INTERMEDIATE INPUTS | ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA | ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION | AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | DRINKING WATER | WELFARE ECONOMICS | TAX RATES | EQUITY | RANGELANDS | ENVIRONMENTS | QUALITY STANDARDS | ABATEMENT | REVENUE | PROPERTY | FOREST MANAGEMENT | EMISSIONS LEVELS | EMISSIONS REDUCTION | DIMINISHING RETURNS TO SCALE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | CLIMATIC CONDITIONS | CONSUMPTION PATTERNS | LABOR PRODUCTIVITY | DAMAGE FUNCTION | ELASTICITIES | DEMAND | EXPLOITATION | OIL | MODELS | CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS | EXPECTATIONS | LABOR FORCE | CONSUMPTION | ECONOMISTS | POLLUTION CONCENTRATION | DEMOGRAPHICS | NON-USE VALUES | WAGES | MARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTS | TAXES | ENVIRONMENT | LAND | INCENTIVES | RESEARCH AGENDA | ENVIRONMENTAL RISK | EXTERNALITIES | CARBON CONTROL | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | EXPENDITURES | ECONOMIC ACTIVITY | NATURAL RESOURCES | TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE | WAGE DIFFERENTIALS | PRESENT VALUE | ECONOMIC VALUE | COMPENSATING WAGE DIFFERENTIALS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL BURDENS | OVERGRAZING | UNEMPLOYMENT | POLICY INSTRUMENTS | RESOURCES | RECYCLING | POLLUTION LEVELS | POLLUTION CONTROL | ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | HEDONIC PRICING | ELECTRICITY GENERATION | EMISSION TAXES | RETURNS TO SCALE | ECONOMETRICS | NATIONAL ACCOUNTING | ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE | POLICY MAKERS | WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX | CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM | ECONOMICS | CARBON DIOXIDE | SOIL DEGRADATION | ACID RAIN
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4. Full Text Opportunity Cost Consideration
by Stephen A. Spiller
Journal of Consumer Research, ISSN 0093-5301, 12/2011, Volume 38, Issue 4, pp. 595 - 610
Normatively, consumers should incorporate opportunity costs into every decision they make, yet behavioral research suggests that consumers consider them... 
Consumer research | Breakfasts | Opportunity costs | Consumer economics | Consumer psychology | Consumer spending | Gift certificates | Budget allocation | Budget constraints | Beverages | CHOICE | DECISION-MAKING | SELF-CONTROL | INFORMATION | HYPOTHESIS | CONSIDERATION SETS | BUSINESS | CATEGORIES | CONSTRUCT ACCESSIBILITY | SEMANTIC-MEMORY | BRANDS | Psychological aspects | Consumer behavior | Opportunity cost | Research
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5. Full Text Opportunity Cost Neglect
by Shane Frederick and Nathan Novemsky and Jing Wang and Ravi Dhar and Stephen Nowlis and John Deighton served as editor and Ann McGill served as associate editor for this article
Journal of Consumer Research, ISSN 0093-5301, 12/2009, Volume 36, Issue 4, pp. 553 - 561
To properly consider the opportunity costs of a purchase, consumers must actively generate the alternatives that it would displace. The current research... 
Money | Consumer behavior | Purchasing | Opportunity costs | Consumer psychology | Consumer spending | Consumer prices | Stereo | Cash | Consumer choice | REPRESENTATION | DECISIONS | MONEY | TIME | BUSINESS | Evaluation | Opportunity cost | Management
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6. Full Text Opportunity Cost Overestimation
by Weiss, Liad and Kivetz, Ran
Journal of Marketing Research, ISSN 0022-2437, 6/2019, Volume 56, Issue 3, pp. 518 - 533
Consumers often fail to utilize desirable offers they had originally selected and planned to use and thus later regret missing out on them. This failure to... 
perceived loss | OPPOSITE | decision bias | I LIKE | PREFERENCES | judgment and decision making | CONSUMER CHOICE | BUSINESS | PSYCHOLOGY | opportunity cost
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7. Full Text The cost of environmental degradation
: case studies from the Middle East and North Africa
by Croitoru, Lelia and Sarraf, Maria and Arif, Sherif
2010, Directions in development. Environment, ISBN 0821383183, xviii, 168
How much is a cleaner environment worth? For policy makers, that question goes largely unanswered. It's not that the environment is seen as unimportant. It's... 
Africa, North Environmental conditions | Middle East Environmental conditions | Environmental degradation | Middle East | Case studies | Africa, North | Environmental conditions | WATER SCARCITY | SANITATION SERVICES | SURFACE WATER | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES | AIR POLLUTION | OPPORTUNITY COSTS | WTP | POOR WATER QUALITY | NATIONAL INCOME | ECONOMIC ANALYSIS | SALINITY | LAND RESOURCES | MANGROVE | WATER QUANTITY | WATER EXTRACTION | SUD | SOLID WASTE | WASTEWATER TREATMENT | CROP PRODUCTION | SEA | CUBIC METERS | AQUIFERS | NITROGEN | SALTWATER INTRUSION | PUMPING | URBAN AREAS | GROUNDWATER | RECHARGE | PUBLIC HEALTH | WASTE COLLECTION | COASTAL WATER | EMISSION STANDARDS | ENVIRONMENTAL | LAND DEGRADATION | WATER DEMAND | WATERSHED | SCIENCES | WATER USER | CLIMATE CHANGE | ENERGY EFFICIENCY | SANITATION | WATER POLLUTION | QUANTITY OF WATER | WASTE DISPOSAL | WATER TRANSFER | AQUIFER | FISHING | NITROGEN OXIDES | MORTALITY RATE | AIR QUALITY | FORESTRY | ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES | WATER SUPPLY | WATER SOURCE | CARBON | INVESTMENT PROJECT | MARINE WATERS | COVERING | POPULATION GROWTH | USE VALUE | GROUNDWATER RESOURCES | SOCIAL COSTS | CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD | HYDROGEN | COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES | CONTINGENT VALUATION | ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS | FUEL CONSUMPTION | ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT | FISH | RESOURCE USE | TURBIDITY | WETLANDS | PUBLIC WELLS | BARRAGES | DEFORESTATION | AQUACULTURE | EMISSIONS | WATER SAVINGS | HEALTH PROBLEMS | TIMBER | IRRIGATION | WILLINGNESS TO PAY | CANCER | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS | DEBRIS | MARINE SCIENCES | AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | WATER QUALITY | PROGRAMS | WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT | DRINKING WATER | CUBIC METER | RANGELANDS | DRAINAGE | QUALITY STANDARDS | POWER GENERATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | GRAVITY | SHORELINE | WELLS | CLEAN WATER | EXPLOITATION | OIL | WASTEWATER | FRESHWATER | GAS | INDUSTRIAL SECTOR | GROUNDWATER TABLE | DRINKING WATER SUPPLY | CRITICAL APPRAISAL | COST OF WATER | INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT | FORAGE PRODUCTION | NON-USE VALUES | COASTAL ZONES | POWER STATION | WATER EXPLOITATION | DESALINATION | SEAWATER | CHILD MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENTAL RISK | DISCHARGE | REPLACEMENT COSTS | CONSERVATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | EXPENDITURES | SANITATION FACILITIES | ECONOMIC ACTIVITY | ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES | IMPORTS | NATURAL RESOURCES | PRESENT VALUE | ECONOMIC VALUE | SUSTAINABLE USE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | PRIVATE WELLS | OVERGRAZING | WATER SECTOR | RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION | SOURCES OF WATER | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | COASTAL AREAS | STORAGE CAPACITY | PHOSPHATE | ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM | FISHERIES | FLOODS | POLICY MAKERS | CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM | WATER USE | CARBON DIOXIDE | DAMS | ECOSYSTEM | SOIL DEGRADATION | RIVERS | WATER SUPPLIES
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8. Full Text The NICE Cost-Effectiveness Threshold: What it is and What that Means
by McCabe, Christopher and Claxton, Karl and Culyer, Anthony J
PharmacoEconomics, ISSN 1170-7690, 2008, Volume 26, Issue 9, pp. 733 - 744
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has been using a cost-effectiveness threshold range between £20 000 and £30 000 for over 7... 
Formularies | Health policy | Cost effectiveness | Decision making | Quality of Life Research | Health Economics | Health Administration | Pharmacoeconomics and Health Outcomes | Medicine & Public Health | NHS | PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY | OPPORTUNITY | GUIDELINES | Quality-Adjusted Life Years | Cost-Benefit Analysis - methods | Decision Making, Organizational | State Medicine - economics | Humans | United Kingdom | Cost-Benefit Analysis - statistics & numerical data | Academies and Institutes - economics | Cost-effectiveness; Decision-making; Formularies; Health-policy | Health economics | Health care expenditures | Economic theory | Health services utilization | Health care policy | Cost analysis | Effectiveness studies
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9. Full Text Cost‐effective ecological restoration
by Kimball, Sarah and Lulow, Megan and Sorenson, Quinn and Balazs, Kathleen and Fang, Yi‐Chin and Davis, Steven J and O'Connell, Michael and Huxman, Travis E
Restoration Ecology, ISSN 1061-2971, 11/2015, Volume 23, Issue 6, pp. 800 - 810
Ecological restoration is a multibillion dollar industry critical for improving degraded habitat. However, most restoration is conducted without clearly... 
ecological economics | coastal sage scrub | restoration economy | California grassland | mitigation funds | community assembly | in lieu mitigation fee | invasive species | Invasive species | In lieu mitigation fee | Restoration economy | Mitigation funds | Coastal sage scrub | Community assembly | Ecological economics | SPECIES-DIVERSITY | BIODIVERSITY | METAANALYSIS | OPPORTUNITIES | COMMUNITIES | ECOSYSTEM SERVICES | CALIFORNIA ANNUAL GRASSLAND | SOIL | ECOLOGY | ECONOMICS | BENEFITS | Analysis | Ecological restoration | Costs | Environmental restoration | Methodology | Decision making | Weather forecasting | Germination | Terrestrial environments | Topography (geology) | Indigenous plants | Slopes (topography) | Habitat improvement | Seeding | Planting density | Success | Environmental conditions | Mitigation | Ecological effects | Restoration | Topography | Cost analysis
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10. Full Text Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
: A Tutorial
by Asaria, Miqdad and Griffin, Susan and Cookson, Richard
Medical Decision Making, ISSN 0272-989X, 1/2016, Volume 36, Issue 1, pp. 8 - 19
Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA) is a framework for incorporating health inequality concerns into the economic evaluation of health sector... 
fairness | efficiency | social welfare functions | cost-effectiveness analysis | equity | tradeoff | inequality measures | health inequality | social value judgments | health distribution | economic evaluation | equality | opportunity cost | MEDICAL INFORMATICS | HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES | Colorectal Neoplasms - epidemiology | Early Detection of Cancer - economics | Severity of Illness Index | Health Status Disparities | Humans | Middle Aged | Male | United Kingdom | Colorectal Neoplasms - diagnosis | Socioeconomic Factors | State Medicine - economics | Cost-Benefit Analysis | Female | Aged | Social values | Usage | Health care disparities | Cost benefit analysis | Analysis | Tutorial
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11. Full Text Justice at any cost? The impact of cost–benefit salience on criminal punishment judgments
by Aharoni, Eyal and Kleider‐Offutt, Heather M and Brosnan, Sarah F and Watzek, Julia
Behavioral Sciences & the Law, ISSN 0735-3936, 01/2019, Volume 37, Issue 1, pp. 38 - 60
This study investigated the effect of cost–benefit salience on simulated criminal punishment judgments. In two vignette‐based survey experiments, we sought to... 
RATES | LAW | DECISION-MAKING | PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED | WORKING-MEMORY CAPACITY | EXPERTS | PSYCHOLOGY | OPPORTUNITY COSTS | Decision Making | Punishment | Young Adult | Social Justice - economics | Cost-Benefit Analysis | Humans | Criminals | Female | Male | Surveys and Questionnaires | Judgment | Economic aspects | Influence | Usage | Research | Cost benefit analysis | Transparency | Costs | Judgments | Criminal sentences | Decision theory | Decision making | Salience | Crime | Prone | Criminal justice policy | Imprisonment
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12. The extractive industries sector
: essentials for economists, public finance professionals, and policy makers
by Halland, Håvard, author and Lokanc, Martin, author and Nair, Arvind, author and Kannan, Sridar P., author
2015, World Bank Study, ISBN 1464804931, xvii, 129 pages
The extractive industries (EI) sector occupies an outsize space in the economies of many developing countries. Economists, public finance professionals, and... 
Economic development projects | Environmental aspects | Evaluation | Social aspects | Mineral industries | Sustainable development | CREDIT | GEOLOGICAL DATA | NATURAL CAPITAL | CHLORINE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES | ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING | BARRIERS TO ENTRY | PRIVATE CONSUMPTION | OPPORTUNITY COSTS | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | FIXED COSTS | METALS | INTERMEDIATE GOODS | ECONOMIC ANALYSIS | OPTION VALUE | OPEC | POLLUTION PERMITS | PRICE CHANGES | OIL REFINERIES | CHANGE IN DEMAND | MARKET PRICES | ECONOMIC GROWTH | POLITICAL ECONOMY | FARMS | PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND | OPTIONS | PUBLIC GOOD | POLLUTION | REVENUES | ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES | COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE | ECONOMIES | OLIGOPOLIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | LABOR INPUTS | MINES | AUDITS | ENVIRONMENTAL | ECONOMIC IMPACT | CLIMATE CHANGE | DECISION MAKING | VALUES | PRODUCTION COSTS | ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS | EFFICIENCY | FINANCIAL RESOURCES | DEMAND CURVES | PRICES | SECURITIES | PRODUCERS | PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY | PUBLIC GOODS | SOCIAL COSTS | WASTE MANAGEMENT | PRICE CEILINGS | ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS | DIVIDENDS | PRODUCTION PATTERNS | COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES | POTENTIAL INVESTORS | STREAMS | MARKET POWER | ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT | RISK MANAGEMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS | WETLANDS | EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE | MARGINAL COST | PURCHASING POWER | SUBSIDIES | TRADE | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | LAND USE | EMISSIONS | ECONOMIC EFFECTS | OLIGOPOLY | HEALTH PROBLEMS | COAL | DEBT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS | MARGINAL COSTS | COMPLEX TASK | AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS | ELASTICITY OF DEMAND | TAX RATES | EQUITY | TRANSACTION COSTS | REVENUE | PROPERTY | RECLAMATION | ELASTICITIES | INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY | DEMAND | EXPLOITATION | OIL | MODELS | CAPITAL GAINS | CARTELS | EXPECTATIONS | LABOR FORCE | CONSUMPTION | ECONOMISTS | OIL RESERVES | WAGES | TAXES | ECONOMIC RENTS | ENVIRONMENT | LAND | OIL SECTOR | INCENTIVES | BENEFIT ANALYSIS | LAW OF DEMAND | PROPERTY RIGHTS | BALANCE OF PAYMENTS | REPLACEMENT COSTS | TAX REVENUE | ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | EXPENDITURES | PROFITS | RESOURCE MANAGEMENT | ECONOMIC ACTIVITY | NATURAL RESOURCES | TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE | PRESENT VALUE | ECONOMIC VALUE | SUPPLY CURVES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | UNEMPLOYMENT | RESOURCES | RECYCLING | ECONOMIES OF SCALE | ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | PUBLIC EXPENDITURES | ASSET VALUATION | ECONOMIC_IMPACT | CAPITAL MARKETS | QUOTAS | NATIONAL ACCOUNTING | POLICY MAKERS | TAX SYSTEMS | ECONOMICS
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13. Introduction to cost-benefit analysis: Looking for reasonable shortcuts
by de Rus, Ginés
2010, ISBN 9781848448520
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14. Full Text Effects of cost metric on cost‐effectiveness of protected‐area network design in urban landscapes
by Burkhalter, J.C and Lockwood, J.L and Maslo, B and Fenn, K.H and Leu, K
Conservation Biology, ISSN 0888-8892, 04/2016, Volume 30, Issue 2, pp. 403 - 412
A common goal in conservation planning is to acquire areas that are critical to realizing biodiversity goals in the most cost‐effective manner. The way... 
forest | cost | área protegida | costo | reserve design | urbano | optimización | diseño de reserva | planning | protected area | urban | optimization | bosque | planeación | Urban | Forest | Reserve design | Planning | Protected area | Cost | Optimization | BIODIVERSITY | CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITY | diseno de reserva | PATTERNS | WILLINGNESS-TO-SELL | planeacion | BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION | MAMMALS | area protegida | REGRESSION | SIZE | optimizacion | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES | RESERVES | ECOLOGY | BIRDS | Conservation of Natural Resources - methods | Forests | Animals | Cost-Benefit Analysis | Cities | Biodiversity | Birds - physiology | Conservation of Natural Resources - economics | New Jersey | Algorithms | Wildlife conservation | Data security | Mathematical optimization | Analysis | Conservation biology | Birds | Urban areas | Environmental economics | Protected areas | Networks | Costs | Property values | Ecosystems | Size | Conservation | Cost reduction | Spatial discrimination | Parcels | Agricultural land | Design analysis | Design | Heterogeneity | Reduction | Landscape design | Mathematical models | Species | Cost engineering | Land appraisals | Spatial analysis | Landscape preservation | Urban environments | Spatial variations | Taxation | Farmlands
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