Articles

Finance | Public utilities

This report, consisting of a study prepared by global project finance specialists Hunton and Williams LLP and comments from six internationally reputed... 
Infrastructure (Economics) | Developing countries | Finance | DEBT SERVICING | CONTRACT RIGHTS | GLOBAL MARKETS | CURRENCY MISMATCH | GOVERNMENT FINANCES | RENEGOTIATION | MARKET RISKS | ISSUANCE | PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE | INITIAL INVESTMENTS | INFRASTRUCTURE DELIVERY | GOVERNMENT DEBT | MARKET CONDITIONS | ECONOMIC GROWTH | INVESTMENT POLICY | BANK DEBT | VEHICLE | PUBLIC POLICY | PRIVATE SECTOR | SOVEREIGN DEBTS | PLEDGES | EQUITY INVESTOR | NEW BUSINESSES | GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT | EQUITY INVESTMENTS | PORT FACILITIES | REGULATORY OVERSIGHT | HOST COUNTRIES | BALANCE SHEET | OPERATIONAL RISKS | GRACE PERIOD | CASH FLOWS | EQUITY INVESTMENT | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LEGISLATION | CAPITAL INVESTMENTS | INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT | BANKS | PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP | CREDITS | ISSUANCE OF BONDS | BANKRUPTCY | INTERNATIONAL FINANCE | BORROWING COST | DISBURSEMENTS | SETTLEMENT | BANK LENDING | LENDER | GOVERNMENT GRANTS | CASH FLOW | INTERNATIONAL BANK | EQUITY INVESTORS | RAILWAYS | DEBT | PUBLIC PROCUREMENT | COMMODITY PRICES | BRIBES | PRIVATE CAPITAL | TRUSTEE | LICENSES | FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT | NONPAYMENT | LEGAL CONSTRAINTS | RATE OF RETURN | LOAN AGREEMENTS | AFFORDABILITY | CREDITWORTHINESS | INFRASTRUCTURE LOANS | BOARDS OF DIRECTORS | GOVERNMENT REVENUE | DEVELOPMENT BANK | INVESTOR INTEREST | DIVIDENDS PAYABLE | GOVERNMENT SUPPORT | GOVERNMENT CREDIT | LOAN | PRESENT VALUE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | BID | NEGATIVE PLEDGE CLAUSES | EXCHANGE RATE | ACCESS TO CAPITAL | CURRENCY | PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION | CREDIT MARKET | INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS | PUBLIC INFORMATION | UTILITIES | OWNERSHIP INTEREST | GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE | PARTIAL RISK | GLOBAL FINANCE | COLLATERAL | AIRPORT | FINANCE INFRASTRUCTURE | BIDS | GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT | CORRUPTION | DEPOSIT | PUBLIC PROCUREMENT LAW | PRIVATE INVESTOR | REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS | EMPLOYMENT | EQUITY HOLDING | GOVERNMENT REVENUES | EQUITY RETURN | LAWS | REVENUE MANAGEMENT | INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE | PUBLIC | EQUITY CONTRIBUTION | PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS | ELECTRICITY | MARKET DESIGN | NATIONAL BUDGET | LONG-TERM FINANCE | INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING | RECEIPTS | TRANSACTION | INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT | DOMESTIC CURRENCY | PUBLIC SPENDING | PUBLIC SERVICE | EQUIPMENT | RETAINED EARNINGS | WATER SUPPLY | BALANCE SHEETS | DEBT SERVICE | HOST GOVERNMENT | RETURNS | FINANCIAL CRISIS | NATIONAL TREASURY | COLLATERALIZATION | BARTER | LENDERS | CAPITAL COSTS | O&M | INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS | POLITICAL RISK | CONVENTIONAL BANK | GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP | EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES | MDB | TAX | INCOME TAXES | COMPETITIVE TENDER | DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE | SOURCES OF FINANCE | RETURN ON INVESTMENT | SWAPS | FOREIGN MARKETS | ROADS | DEVELOPMENT COMPANY | PUBLIC SERVICES | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | VALUATION | CREDIT FACILITY | RAIL LINES | RAIL | LACK OF TRANSPARENCY | FOREIGN INVESTORS | INTEREST RATE | TAX REVENUES | LOAN AGREEMENT | FINANCIAL SKILLS | PROVISIONS | EMERGING MARKET | DEVELOPMENT FINANCE | WEALTH | INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT | CREDITOR | FINANCES | TRANSPORT | PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP | NATURAL RESOURCES | TRANSPARENCY | REPAYMENT | BANK BORROWING | HOST GOVERNMENTS | MONETARY FUND | BORROWINGS | DIVERSIFICATION | FOREIGN INVESTMENT | INITIAL INVESTMENT | FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT | INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS | FUNDING SOURCES | LOAN FACILITY | SOVEREIGN DEBT | CAPITAL MARKETS | INSTRUMENT | DOWN PAYMENT | LEVEL OF RISK | FINANCING OF INFRASTRUCTURE

Is infrastructure but the plumbing and wiring of the human environment, or is it the true lifeblood of the spaces we inhabit? Infrastructural systems... 
Infrastructure (Economics) | Architecture | Architecture and society | Buildings | Transportation engineering | Social aspects | Public works

The Government of Liberia is in the process of developing a new Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) that is intended to determine its path toward middle-income... 
Infrastructure (Economics) | Concessions | Liberia Economic policy | Public-private sector cooperation | FIXED FEE | DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM | CONCESSION AGREEMENTS | PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE | USER CHARGES | CONCESSION AREAS | RAIL TRANSPORT | ECONOMIC GROWTH | PIERS | POLICY FRAMEWORK | PRIVATE SECTOR | CAPACITY-BUILDING | TRANSPORTATION NETWORK | BUSINESSES | INVESTMENT CLIMATE | GENERATION | FREIGHT TRAFFIC | INFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITY | MINES | COLLECTION EFFICIENCY | PORT FACILITIES | PRIVATE INVESTMENT | FUEL OIL | SANITATION | INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT | CARGO | FISHING | PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS | PRIVATE SECTOR ENGAGEMENT | FINANCIAL TERMS | TERMINAL OPERATORS | TRANSPORT SECTOR | E-MAIL | PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT | TRANSPORTATION | PERFORMANCE TARGETS | POWER | DRIVERS | INTERNATIONAL FINANCE | ROAD PROJECTS | PUBLIC SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE | TRANSMISSION | NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE | CAPITAL CONSTRAINTS | PUBLIC SERVICE PROVIDER | PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT | FINANCIAL SERVICES | CONCESSION PROCESS | INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANTS | CASH FLOW | MANAGEMENT FEE | RAILWAYS | COMMODITY | COMPETITIVE BIDDING | DEBT | EXCESS POWER | PUBLIC PROCUREMENT | DIVESTITURE | PORT CHARGES | QUERIES | TRAINS | BULK WATER SUPPLY | LICENSES | ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE | LICENSE | LEASE CONTRACT | VALUE CHAINS | INDEXATION FORMULAS | PUBLIC INVESTMENT | COMMERCIAL RISKS | CREDITWORTHINESS | PORT AUTHORITY | FOOD PRODUCTION | ECONOMIC BENEFITS | CORRIDOR INVESTMENT | INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY | ENABLING ENVIRONMENT | PRIVATE OPERATORS | PORT CONCESSIONS | INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY | BRIDGE | INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES | PDF | EXPENDITURES | SOCIAL SERVICE | CONCESSION CONTRACTS | CONTRACT PERFORMANCE | PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION | INSTITUTION | MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS | CONCESSIONAIRES | PUBLIC EXPENDITURES | TELECOM | PORT OPERATIONS | NATIONAL ACCOUNTING | LICENSE FEE | POWER SECTOR | RAILROADS | SAVINGS | ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT | COMPETITIVENESS | INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE | LEGAL FRAMEWORK | CUSTOMS | WATER DISTRIBUTION | ROAD | SANITATION SERVICES | GOVERNMENT ENTITY | FOREIGN FIRMS | INVESTMENT RISKS | INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS | BULK WATER | CAPITAL INVESTMENT | INTERFACE | CONCESSION MODEL | TOLL | CONCESSION ARRANGEMENTS | GENERATORS | TELEPHONE | POLITICAL ECONOMY | WATER TARIFFS | INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | CAPABILITY | FINANCIAL SYSTEM | OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY | RAILWAY | RURAL ROADS | DUE DILIGENCE | PUBLIC | ELECTRICITY | PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP | REGULATORY FRAMEWORK | AIRPORTS | TRANSACTION | INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT | HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES | PUBLIC SERVICE | NATURAL RESOURCE | FORESTRY | PRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITY | MATERIAL | RISK ALLOCATION | PUBLIC WORKS | BEST PRACTICES | COMPETITIVE BIDDING PROCESS | INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION | CONCESSION | FREIGHT COSTS | EXTERNAL CONSULTANTS | LEASE FEE | CAPITAL COSTS | O&M | COPYRIGHT | INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | FEEDER ROADS | SOCIAL SERVICES | PUBLIC SECTOR | HUMAN CAPACITY | PUBLIC PROPERTY | TIMBER | CAPACITY BUILDING | SOLID WASTE COLLECTION | TAX | MOBILE TELEPHONY | TRANSMISSION LINES | MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS | INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR | PROCUREMENT PROCESS | FUNCTIONALITY | FUEL | ROADS | TAX RATES | TECHNICAL EXPERTS | ENVIRONMENTS | INFRASTRUCTURE REHABILITATION | TRANSACTION COSTS | PUBLIC MANAGEMENT | RAIL FREIGHT | PUBLIC SERVICES | CONTAINER PORT | EXCESS CAPACITY | RAIL | FINANCIAL ANALYSIS | RIGHTS OF ACCESS | CONCESSIONS | PROVISIONS | PROVISION OF INFRASTRUCTURE | ROAD DAMAGE | RAILWAY LINE | INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | HUMAN CAPITAL | RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE | TRANSPORT | POWER DISTRIBUTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SERVICE CONTRACTS | TRANSPARENCY | TREASURY | FINANCIAL VIABILITY | PUBLIC DEBT | ROAD NETWORKS | RESULTS | ECONOMIES OF SCALE | CHEAPER POWER | FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT | INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS | CUSTOMER BASE | ENTRY POINT | USES | USER | PERVERSE INCENTIVES | ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS | ECONOMIC RISKS | FREIGHT | PRODUCTIVITY | CONCESSION CONTRACT | GOVERNMENT APPROVAL | RESULT

Civil | Cost effectiveness | Structural | TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING | General | Public investments | Public works | Estimates

A comprehensive look at the emergence of infrastructure finance Just as infrastructure development acts as a catalyst for economic growth, it is also changing... 
Infrastructure (Economics) | Municipal services | Public works | Finance | General | BUSINESS & ECONOMICS | United States

Infrastructure plays a key role in fostering growth and productivity and has been linked to improved earnings, health, and education levels for the poor. Yet... 
Infrastructure (Economics) | Privatization | Finance | Public utilities | Public-private sector cooperation | Latin America | FINANCIAL CLOSURE | TOLL ROAD | UTILITY COMPANIES | LEASE CONTRACTS | GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION | WATER CONCESSIONS | PRIVATE INVESTORS | TRANSPORT SERVICES | PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE | ECONOMIC ANALYSIS | ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION | DISTRIBUTION NETWORK | ECONOMIC GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY | SANITATION SECTOR | INTEREST RATES | PRIVATE SECTOR | FIRMS | TOLL ROAD PROJECTS | CUBIC METERS | TRAFFIC FLOWS | LONG DISTANCE | INVESTMENT CLIMATE | FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE | INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS | PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE | PURE ELECTRICITY | COST OF CAPITAL | TRAFFIC LEVELS | PRIVATE INVESTMENT | SANITATION | WATER UTILITIES | INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR COOPERATION | INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE | RAW MATERIALS | TRANSPORT SECTOR | PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT | PRIVATE ROADS | POWER | CAPITAL FLOWS | ROAD PROJECTS | PUBLIC FINANCE | VEHICLES | WHOLESALE ELECTRICITY | RISK MANAGEMENT | PRIVATE COMPANY | GROWTH RATES | RAILWAYS | PRIVATE SECTOR PROJECTS | DEBT | CURRENCY DEVALUATIONS | DIVESTITURE | JOB CREATION | INFRASTRUCTURE PRIVATIZATION | PUBLIC ASSETS | PRIVATE CAPITAL | LICENSES | PRIVATIZATION PROCESS | LOCAL TRANSPORT | CONSUMER WELFARE | LEASE CONTRACT | PRIVATE FINANCE | PUBLIC INVESTMENT | FOREIGN COMPANIES | PRIVATIZATION PROGRAM | PSP | PUBLIC INVESTMENTS | TARIFF REGULATION | PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT | POWER PURCHASE | INFRASTRUCTURE REGULATION | PRIVATIZATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE | DISTRIBUTION COMPANIES | INSURANCE | CONCESSION PERIOD | CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | INVESTMENT VALUE | RAW MATERIAL | PRIVATE FINANCING | INITIAL PRICE | BASIC SERVICES | ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY | CAPITAL EXPENDITURES | WATER SECTOR | TOLL ROAD CONCESSIONS | CONCESSION CONTRACTS | PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION | APPROACH | LOGISTICS COSTS | PUBLIC­PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTURE | MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS | ELECTRICITY GENERATION | TOLL REVENUES | DISTRIBUTION LOSSES | TRAFFIC | INFRASTRUCTURES | POWER SECTOR | RAILROADS | POWER SECTOR REFORM | DEMAND FORECAST | PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS | PRIVATE INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE | WATER DISTRIBUTION | ROAD | GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT | PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTURE | PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENTS | PRIVATE COMPANIES | PRIVATE SECTOR PERSPECTIVE | DEFICITS | REVENUE GUARANTEES | TOLL | DEMAND FOR POWER | EMPLOYMENT | RENEGOTIATION PROCESS | WATER TARIFFS | TARIFF INCREASES | PUBLIC SECTOR ENTITIES | COMPANY | TRANSFER OWNERSHIP | RURAL ROADS | INDUSTRIAL TARIFFS | PUBLIC | ELECTRICITY | PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP | REGULATORY FRAMEWORK | INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING | AIRPORTS | PERFORMANCE INDICATORS | INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT | PUBLIC SPENDING | TRANSPORT DATA | NATURAL GAS | FOREIGN INVESTMENTS | PUBLIC WORKS | OUTSOURCING | SUNK COSTS | PRICE ADJUSTMENTS | COST RECOVERY | SERVICE QUALITY | BIDDING FOR CONCESSIONS | CAP REGULATION | DISTRIBUTION INVESTMENTS | CONCESSION | INVESTMENT INCENTIVES | RETAIL COMPETITION | PORTS | PUBLIC SECTOR | INFRASTRUCTURE ASSETS | TARIFF REVIEWS | INCENTIVES FOR CONCESSIONAIRES | MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURES | ELECTRICITY TARIFFS | ASSET OWNERSHIP | ROADS | ACCOUNTING | WATER PRICES | PUBLIC UTILITIES | INVESTMENT OBLIGATIONS | TOLL ROADS | TRANSACTION COSTS | LEASING | BOT | TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP | PUBLIC SERVICES | TRUE | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | LEVEL OF DEMAND | MINIMUM REVENUE GUARANTEE | COST SAVINGS | POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTS | EXPANSION | ELECTRICITY MARKET | SERVICE PROVISION | FOREIGN INVESTORS | PROVISIONS | POWER PRODUCER | INFRASTRUCTURE REFORM | PROVISION OF INFRASTRUCTURE | PUBLIC FUNDING | QUALITY OF SERVICE | RETURN REGULATION | TRANSPORT | POWER DISTRIBUTION | TRANSPARENCY | CALL PRICES | ELECTRICITY SECTOR | SERVICE EXPANSION | LOCAL INVESTORS | INVESTOR PROTECTION | GOVERNMENT ASSETS | WHOLESALE ELECTRICITY MARKETS | INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS | WATER SERVICES | PUBLIC UTILITY | CORPORATIZATION | CAPITAL MARKETS | BUILD-OWN | CONCESSION CONTRACT | SERVICE PROVIDERS | PROVISION OF INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES | TELEPHONE COMPANY

Infrastructure resources are the subject of many contentious public policy debates, including what to do about crumbling roads and bridges, whether and how to... 
Infrastructure (Economics) | Social aspects | environment and energy law | Health care | Patent law reform | Resource valuation | Economic approach | Infrastructure | Environment | Energy policy | Internet | Public policy

Why it is best that users, instead of the federal or provincial taxpayers, pay for public infrastructure.. 
Infrastructure (Economics) | Municipal finance | Canada | User charges | Government policy | Finance | Case studies

Pakistan's economy is currently semi-industrialized, but it has the high potential for prosperity in the 21st century. The focus of this book is on industrial... 
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / General | Infrastructure (Economics) | BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / Economic Development | Pakistan Economic conditions | Management science

Much of East Asia continues to grow rapidly, driven to a considerable extent by China. Urbanization is proceeding at pace. Demand for infrastructure services... 
Infrastructure (Economics) | East Asia Economic policy | East Asia Economic conditions | East Asia | Economic policy | Economic conditions | LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE | GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT | SERVICE DELIVERY | URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE | TAXATION | MACROECONOMIC STABILITY | USER CHARGES | WATER | ASSETS | ECONOMIC GROWTH | AGRICULTURE | PRIVATE SECTOR | CONSUMER PARTICIPATION | INFRASTRUCTURE PROBLEMS | DECENTRALIZATION | GENERATING CAPACITY | LONG DISTANCE | POLLUTION | RURAL ROADS | PUBLIC SECTOR PERFORMANCE | ELECTRICITY | SUBSIDIARY | ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES | MONOPOLY POWER | IMPACT ASSESSMENT | COST OF CAPITAL | FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT | PUBLIC SPENDING | SANITATION | WATER UTILITIES | INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGE | LEGISLATION | MASS TRANSIT | POWER SUPPLY | ACCOUNTABILITY | PORK | RURAL ECONOMIES | TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT | WATER SUPPLY | INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS | TRANSPORTATION | PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS | URBAN ECONOMIES | GOVERNMENT INFRASTRUCTURE | USAID | INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE | URBAN MANAGEMENT | CAPITAL COSTS | RISK MANAGEMENT | LEGAL STATUS | MAINTENANCE COSTS | PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT | INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | PORTS | ADB | INDEPENDENT REGULATORS | LAND USE | PUBLIC SECTOR | VOIP | CAPACITY BUILDING | INNOVATION | RURAL POVERTY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS | ELECTRICITY GENERATING | PRIVATE SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT | ELECTRICITY GENERATING AUTHORITY | LICENSES | ROADS | IIMI | GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION | CAPITAL REPLACEMENT | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | POVERTY REDUCTION | URBAN GROWTH | GAS | ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK | GENERATION CAPACITY | CITIES | URBANIZATION | EXTERNALITIES | TRANSPORT | INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES | LOCAL GOVERNMENT | TRANSPARENCY | ELECTRICITY SECTOR | REGULATORS | UNITED NATIONS | WATER SECTOR | INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE | TRAFFIC | INFORMATION DISSEMINATION | UTILITIES | PRODUCTIVITY | SAVINGS | SERVICE PROVIDERS

This study aims to help governments design sustainable Public-Private Partnership (PPP) strategies and projects in the context of the changed circumstances... 
Infrastructure (Economics) | Public-private sector cooperation | CHECKS | DEBT SERVICING | TOLL ROAD | INVESTMENT DECISIONS | SOVEREIGN BONDS | TRUST FUND | GOVERNMENT FINANCES | CONTRACT DESIGN | BOND MARKET | INVESTMENT STRATEGY | MATURITIES | PRIVATE INVESTORS | MARKET RISKS | FOREIGN CURRENCY | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | CREDIBILITY | CURRENCY DEPRECIATION | MARKET CONDITIONS | EIB | BASIS POINT | VEHICLE | GOVERNMENT BOND YIELDS | INTEREST RATES | CURRENCY DEVALUATION | PUBLIC BORROWING | BONDS | CAPITAL PROJECTS | FOREIGN EXCHANGE | PASSENGERS | LONG-TERM INVESTORS | PRODUCTIVE INVESTMENTS | TUNNEL | LIQUIDITY | INVESTING | REGULATORY OVERSIGHT | HIGHWAYS | TRAFFIC DEMAND | PRIVATE INVESTMENT | BALANCE SHEET | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SANITATION | LEGISLATION | INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT | GOVERNMENT SPENDING | ACCOUNTABILITY | LOCAL DEBT MARKET | CAPITAL GRANT | EXPORTERS | LONG-TERM DEBT | SHARE OF INVESTMENT | TRANSPORT SECTOR | LOCAL CURRENCY | TREATY | CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS | DRIVERS | INTERNATIONAL FINANCE | TRANSPORT PROJECTS | ROAD PROJECTS | PUBLIC FINANCE | VEHICLES | RISK MANAGEMENT | ADB | CASH FLOW | INTERNATIONAL BANK | INVESTMENT BANK | RAILWAYS | CREDIT RATING | FINANCIAL MARKET | DEBT | OIL PRICES | SHARES OF INVESTMENT | FISCAL DEFICITS | INVESTMENT FUNDS | PRIVATE CAPITAL | TREASURY BONDS | INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS | RATES OF INFLATION | MARKET BORROWING | PUBLIC INVESTMENT | TRANSPORT RESEARCH | LOCAL DEBT | FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY | PSP | GOVERNMENT REVENUE | PUBLIC INVESTMENTS | FISCAL CONSTRAINTS | HIGHWAY | LIGHT RAIL | FISCAL DEFICIT | TOLLS | DEVELOPMENT BANK | INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY | FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES | GOVERNMENT SUPPORT | INSURANCE | DEFAULT RISK | MATURITY | BRIDGE | LONG-TERM INVESTMENT | POTENTIAL INVESTMENT | HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE | PRIVATE FINANCING | RETURN | LOAN | LEGAL ENVIRONMENT | LOCAL GOVERNMENT | EXCHANGE RATES | PRESENT VALUE | BID | INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT | EXCHANGE RATE | CURRENCY | INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDING | URBAN TRANSPORT | DRIVING | CREDIT MARKET | INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS | RAIL LINKS | GOVERNMENT BOND | TRAFFIC | TAX SYSTEMS | LEGAL FRAMEWORK | AIRPORT | ROAD | FINANCE INFRASTRUCTURE | BIDS | GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT | EXPENDITURE | SHORT-TERM BORROWING | CAPITAL INVESTMENT | ROAD SECTOR | PRIVATIZATION | PRIVATE INVESTOR | DEFICITS | REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS | TOLL | MOTORWAYS | FINANCIAL MARKETS | FOREIGN CURRENCIES | HIGHWAY PROJECT | RAILWAY | LAWS | INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE | INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS | RISK PREMIUMS | CAPITAL GRANTS | SUBSIDIARY | INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS | BALANCE­SHEET | MARKET LIQUIDITY | INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING | AIRPORTS | TRANSACTION | INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION | CAPITAL INVESTMENT PROGRAM | HIGHWAY REHABILITATION | INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT | JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT | PUBLIC SPENDING | CAPITAL MARKET | INVESTMENT SPENDING | AIRPORT EXPANSION | BALANCE SHEETS | DEBT SERVICE | ROAD TUNNEL | GOVERNMENT BUDGET | SHORT-TERM DEBT | FINANCIAL CRISIS | PUBLIC FUNDS | SOVEREIGN GUARANTEE | LONG-TERM LOANS | LENDERS | DEBT RATIOS | INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS | BOND INDEX | COUNTRY RISK | SAFETY NETS | UNDERGROUND | MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT | COMMERCIAL BANKS | INVESTOR CONFIDENCE | SAFETY | STATE GUARANTEES | TAX | BOND ISSUE | RAIL PROJECTS | MARKET RISK | CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS | DEBT EXCHANGE | ROADS | ACCOUNTING | PRIVATE LOANS | PUBLIC BANKS | LANES | EMERGING MARKET BOND | HIGH-SPEED RAIL | TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS | CREDIT RATINGS | GOVERNMENT CAPACITY | GOVERNMENT BORROWING | FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS | GOVERNMENT GUARANTEES | INTEREST RATE | FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK | LOCAL CURRENCIES | EMERGING MARKET | FINANCIAL SUPPORT | TRANSPORT INVESTMENT | CONTINGENT LIABILITIES | FINANCES | TRANSPORT | TRANSPARENCY | HIGHWAY PROJECTS | TREASURY | GOVERNMENT FUNDING | HIGHWAY PROGRAM | BUDGET DEFICIT | GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES | LOCAL BANKS | BASIS POINTS | PUBLIC DEBT | MONETARY FUND | INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS | PUBLIC SECTOR INVESTMENT | SOVEREIGN DEBT | INSTRUMENT | NATIONAL HIGHWAYS | BUDGETING | LONG-TERM CAPITAL | SOVEREIGN ENTITIES

Infrastructure only tends to be noticed when it is absent, declining, or decrepit, or when enormous cost overruns, time delays, or citizen protests make the... 
Infrastructure (Economics) | Public administration | International Relations | Public works | Management