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1. Startle modification
: implications for neuroscience, cognitive science, and clinical science
by Bohmelt, Andreas H., 1963 and Dawson, Michael E., 1940 and Schell, Anne M. 1942- (Anne McCall)
1999, ISBN 0521580463, xiv, 383
The startle response (response to a loud noise, for instance) is a reflex that is wired into the brain at a very basic level. Although everybody has such a... 
Cognitive neuroscience | Methodology | Blinking | Startle Reaction
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2. Full Text Boo
: culture, experience, and the startle reflex
by Simons, Ronald C
1996, Series in affective science, ISBN 0195096266, 272
It is quite common to reflect on what startles you. In the most diverse social contexts and cultures, the inescapable physiology of the reflex both shapes the... 
Startle reaction | Cross-cultural studies | Social aspects | Latah (Disease) | Psychology
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3. Full Text Reflex seizures, traits, and epilepsies: from physiology to pathology
by Koepp, Matthias J, Prof and Caciagli, Lorenzo, MD and Pressler, Ronit M, PhD and Lehnertz, Klaus, Prof and Beniczky, Sándor, PhD
Lancet Neurology, The, ISSN 1474-4422, 2016, Volume 15, Issue 1, pp. 92 - 105
Summary Epileptic seizures are generally unpredictable and arise spontaneously. Patients often report non-specific triggers such as stress or sleep... 
Neurology | READING EPILEPSY | CORTEX EXCITABILITY | ABNORMAL RESPONSE | BRAIN ACTIVITY | JUVENILE MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY | GENERALIZED EPILEPSIES | WAVE DISCHARGES | STARTLE EPILEPSY | PHOTIC-STIMULATION | CORTICAL EXCITABILITY | CLINICAL NEUROLOGY | Seizures - physiopathology | Epilepsy, Reflex - physiopathology | Animals | Reflex - physiology | Humans | Brain - pathology | Seizures - diagnosis | Electroencephalography - trends | Epilepsy, Reflex - diagnosis | Brain - physiology | Physiological aspects | Seizures (Medicine) | Epilepsy | Sleep deprivation | Neurophysiology | Pathology | Convulsions & seizures | Reading | Sleep | Consciousness | Classification | Hallucinations | Physiology | Computer & video games
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4. Full Text Blunted emotion‐modulated startle reflex in anorexia nervosa
by Brockmeyer, Timo and Pellegrino, Judith and Maier, Christoph and Münch, Hannah M and Harmer, Catherine J and Walther, Stephan and Herzog, Wolfgang and Friederich, Hans‐Christoph
International Journal of Eating Disorders, ISSN 0276-3478, 03/2019, Volume 52, Issue 3, pp. 270 - 277
Objective Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) often show difficulties in the perception, expression, and regulation of emotions and a strong avoidance of... 
emotion | eating disorders | emotional reactivity | eyeblink reflex | startle modulation | STATES | AVOIDANCE | PSYCHIATRY | STIMULI | MOTIVATION | PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL | PSYCHOLOGY | FEAR | RESPONSES | NUTRITION & DIETETICS | TRYPTOPHAN DEPLETION | PICTURES | NEUROBIOLOGY | EXPRESSION | Anorexia | Emotions
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5. Full Text Top–down modulation of prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans and rats
by Li, Liang and Li, Nanxin and Du, Yi and Wu, Yanhong and Wu, Xihong
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, ISSN 0149-7634, 2009, Volume 33, Issue 8, pp. 1157 - 1167
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is the attenuation of the startle reflex when the sudden intense startling stimulus is shortly preceded by a weaker, non-startling... 
Attentional modulation | Animal model | Amygdala | Inferior colliculus | Auditory fear conditioning | Schizophrenia | Prepulse inhibition | ISOLATION-REARED RATS | SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE-RAT | SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY-DISORDER | METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS | DEFICIENT ATTENTIONAL MODULATION | NEUROSCIENCES | PEDUNCULOPONTINE TEGMENTAL NUCLEUS | INFORMATION-PROCESSING DEFICITS | MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX | FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE | BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES | PERCEIVED SPATIAL SEPARATION | Acoustic Stimulation | Humans | Rats | Sensory Gating - physiology | Reaction Time - physiology | Brain - physiology | Conditioning, Classical - physiology | Attention - physiology | Neural Inhibition - physiology | Animals | Cognition - physiology | Reflex, Startle - physiology | Inhibition (Psychology)
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6. Full Text Auditory startle reflex and startle reflex to somatosensory inputs in generalized dystonia
by Kiziltan, Meral E and Gunduz, Aysegul and Apaydın, Hulya and Ertan, Sibel and Kiziltan, Gunes
Clinical Neurophysiology, ISSN 1388-2457, 2014, Volume 126, Issue 9, pp. 1740 - 1745
Highlights • Probabilities of auditory startle reflex (ASR) and somatosensory inputs (SSS) were higher in patients with dystonia. • The sequences of muscle... 
Neurology | Startle reflex to somatosensory inputs | Auditory startle reflex | Generalized dystonia | TORSION DYSTONIA | MOVEMENTS | STIMULATION | PREPULSE INHIBITION | BLINK REFLEX | PATHOLOGY | LESION | NEUROSCIENCES | CLINICAL NEUROLOGY | RECOVERY CYCLE | CERVICAL DYSTONIA | BLEPHAROSPASM | Humans | Middle Aged | Somatosensory Cortex - physiopathology | Dystonia - physiopathology | Male | Reaction Time - physiology | Acoustic Stimulation - methods | Young Adult | Dystonia - diagnosis | Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory - physiology | Adolescent | Adult | Female | Reflex, Startle - physiology | Dystonia
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7. Full Text Generalized versus partial reflex seizures: A review
by Italiano, Domenico and Ferlazzo, Edoardo and Gasparini, Sara and Spina, Edoardo and Mondello, Stefania and Labate, Angelo and Gambardella, Antonio and Aguglia, Umberto
Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy, ISSN 1059-1311, 2014, Volume 23, Issue 7, pp. 512 - 520
Abstract In this review we assess our currently available knowledge about reflex seizures with special emphasis on the difference between “generalized” reflex... 
Neurology | Startle | Genetic | Photosensitivity | Musicogenic | Treatment | Prognosis | NONKETOTIC HYPERGLYCEMIA | PHOTOSENSITIVE EPILEPSY | HOT-WATER EPILEPSY | OCCIPITAL LOBE EPILEPSY | EATING EPILEPSY | NEUROSCIENCES | CLINICAL NEUROLOGY | STARTLE-INDUCED SEIZURES | ADD-ON THERAPY | READING EPILEPSY | JUVENILE MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY | LANGUAGE-INDUCED EPILEPSY | Epilepsy, Reflex - etiology | Animals | Humans | Seizures - etiology | Seizures - diagnosis | Epilepsy, Reflex - diagnosis | Physical Stimulation - adverse effects | Epilepsy | Seizures (Medicine) | Neurophysiology
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8. Full Text Do reflex seizures and spontaneous seizures form a continuum? – Triggering factors and possible common mechanisms
by Irmen, Friederike and Wehner, Tim and Lemieux, Louis
Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy, ISSN 1059-1311, 2014, Volume 25, pp. 72 - 79
Highlights • Extrinsic triggers in reflex seizures are clearly identifiable. • Identification is based on close temporal relationship, high constancy, and... 
Neurology | Reflex | Trigger | Provoked | Spontaneous | Seizures | MUSICOGENIC SEIZURES | TEMPORAL-LOBE EPILEPSY | PHOTOSENSITIVE EPILEPSY | HOT-WATER EPILEPSY | SLEEP-DEPRIVATION | NEUROSCIENCES | CLINICAL NEUROLOGY | READING EPILEPSY | JUVENILE MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY | ORGASM-INDUCED SEIZURES | STARTLE EPILEPSY | GENERALIZED EPILEPSY | Seizures - physiopathology | Epilepsy, Reflex - physiopathology | Brain - physiopathology | Humans | Epilepsy | Hospitals | Seizures (Medicine) | Medicine, Experimental | Medical research | Stress (Psychology)
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9. Full Text When Good Things Go Bad: The Reflex Physiology of Defense
by Margaret M. Bradley and Brad Moulder and Peter J. Lang
Psychological Science, ISSN 0956-7976, 6/2005, Volume 16, Issue 6, pp. 468 - 473
For humans, the threat of painful shock greatly potentiates the reflexive startle blink. Moreover, viewing unpleasant, compared with pleasant, pictures also... 
Heart rate | Motivation | Electrical injuries | Physiology | Research Articles | Startle reflex | Galvanic skin response | Acceleration | Blinking | Psychophysiology | Reflexes | EMOTION | HUMANS | PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY | FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE | ANXIETY | Cues | Reflex - physiology | Humans | Bradycardia - physiopathology | Facial Expression | Male | Signal Detection, Psychological | Affect | Fear | Association | Facial Muscles - physiology | Defense Mechanisms | Reflex, Startle | Adult | Female | Visual Perception | Galvanic Skin Response - physiology | Electromyography - methods | Psychological aspects | Defensiveness (Psychology) | Startle reaction | Research | Aversive stimuli
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10. Full Text Measuring Pavlovian appetitive conditioning in humans with the postauricular reflex
by Stussi, Yoann and Delplanque, Sylvain and Coraj, Seline and Pourtois, Gilles and Sander, David
Psychophysiology, ISSN 0048-5772, 08/2018, Volume 55, Issue 8, pp. e13073 - n/a
Despite its evolutionary and clinical significance, appetitive conditioning has been rarely investigated in humans. It has been proposed that this discrepancy... 
odors | reward | startle | postauricular reflex | eyeblink reflex | appetitive conditioning | PHYSIOLOGY | STIMULATION | AROUSAL | EMOTIONAL MODULATION | NEUROSCIENCES | PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL | PSYCHOLOGY | STARTLE REFLEX | RESPONSES | BLINK STARTLE | EYEBLINK | PICTURES | ANIMAL-MODELS | PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL | Physical Stimulation | Reflex | Acoustic Stimulation | Humans | Male | Odorants | Young Adult | Ear Auricle - physiology | Galvanic Skin Response | Adolescent | Conditioning, Classical | Reflex, Startle | Adult | Female | Appetitive Behavior | Blinking | Appetitive conditioning | Potentiation | Learning | Startle response | Conditioned stimulus | Conductance | Skin conductance response | Odor | Original
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11. Full Text THE ANXIETY SPECTRUM AND THE REFLEX PHYSIOLOGY OF DEFENSE: FROM CIRCUMSCRIBED FEAR TO BROAD DISTRESS
by McTeague, Lisa M and Lang, Peter J
Depression and Anxiety, ISSN 1091-4269, 04/2012, Volume 29, Issue 4, pp. 264 - 281
Guided by the diagnostic nosology, anxiety patients are expected to show defensive hyperarousal during affective challenge, irrespective of the principal... 
trauma | social phobia | agoraphobia; GAD | emotional reactivity | panic | neuroimaging | PTSD | chronicity | startle | fMRI | comorbidity | blunting; diagnostic subtypes | imagery | psychophysiology | anxiety disorders; specific phobia | depression | POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER | SCRIPT-DRIVEN IMAGERY | VIETNAM COMBAT VETERANS | COMMON MENTAL-DISORDERS | PSYCHOLOGY | specific phobia | MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX | ENVIRONMENTAL RISK-FACTORS | diagnostic subtypes | PSYCHIATRY | anxiety disorders | GAD | PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL | blunting | POSITRON-EMISSION-TOMOGRAPHY | agoraphobia | CEREBRAL-BLOOD-FLOW | AVOIDANT PERSONALITY-DISORDER | AFFECT-MODULATED STARTLE | Neuropsychological Tests | Amygdala - physiopathology | Humans | Defense Mechanisms | Anxiety Disorders - classification | Chronic Disease - psychology | Fear - physiology | Reflex, Startle - physiology | Anxiety Disorders - physiopathology | Depressive Disorders | Fear | Anxiety Disorders | Survivors | Anxiety Sensitivity | Startle Reflex | Experimental Stressors
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