Articles

This report analyzes the paths by which developing country labor markets adjust to permanent trade-related shocks. Trade shocks can bring about reallocation of... 
Business cycles | Labor market | Labor mobility | Developing countries | Developing countries Commerce | Commerce | Wages | INFORMAL SECTOR | JOB SEPARATION | LABOR MARKETS | WAGE EFFECTS | BUSINESS CYCLE | DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS | INDUSTRY WAGE | GDP | CAPITAL INVESTMENT | LABOR SHARE | AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT | WAGE BILL | LABOR MARKET RIGIDITIES | EMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC GROWTH | JOB DISPLACEMENT | EMPLOYMENT LEVELS | LABOR ALLOCATIONS | DISPLACED WORKER | POLITICAL ECONOMY | WELL-FUNCTIONING LABOR MARKETS | AGRICULTURE | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | LAYOFFS | REAL WAGES | AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY | ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE | INTERNATIONAL TRADE | JOB SEARCH | TOTAL COSTS | PRODUCTION WORKERS | HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS | AVERAGE WAGE | INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT | WAGE GAP | ON-THE-JOB TRAINING | LABOR ADJUSTMENT COSTS | SEARCH COSTS | SEVERANCE PAY | LAID-OFF WORKERS | SOCIAL CAPITAL | WAGE DATA | LABOR MARKET IMPACT | ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS | INCOME | INDUSTRY WAGES | EMPLOYMENT GROWTH | ACTIVE LABOR | FIRM SIZE | TRADE POLICY | RETRAINING PROGRAMS | EMPLOYMENT SHARE | PROFITABILITY | LOCAL GOVERNMENTS | FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS | HOURS OF WORK | NEW ENTRANTS | PLANT CLOSURE | TRADE REFORMS | FINANCIAL CRISIS | LABOR ECONOMICS | TRADE LIBERALIZATION | EXOGENOUS SHOCK | FIRM ENTRY | JOBS | DISPLACED WORKERS | LEGAL STATUS | AGGREGATE GROWTH | EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES | OCCUPATION | PRODUCTION FUNCTION | INTERNATIONAL MARKET | LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES | PURCHASING POWER | SAFETY NETS | ECONOMIC COSTS | FIRING COSTS | SERVICE SECTOR | SAFETY | EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS | GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM | WAGE INCREASE | WORKER | JOB CREATION | ANALYTICAL APPROACH | PASSIVE LABOR | LABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS | PREVIOUS WAGE | NOMINAL WAGES | PRODUCTIVITY GAINS | TRADE POLICIES | ECONOMIC STABILITY | LABOUR MARKET REGULATIONS | WAGE SUBSIDIES | ACTIVE LABOR MARKET | LABOR REGULATIONS | LABOR ADJUSTMENT | WORKING | GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION | LABOR MOBILITY | EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES | INTERNATIONAL MARKETS | WAGE LEVEL | PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES | LABOR MARKET | LABOR POLICIES | ECONOMIC RESEARCH | WORK EXPERIENCE | CREATIVE DESTRUCTION | SOCIAL SAFETY NETS | FIRM DYNAMICS | PREVIOUS STUDIES | DISCOUNTED VALUE | LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS | PLANT CLOSURES | LABOUR MARKET | CRISES | OPEN ECONOMY | LABOR FORCE | ADJUSTMENT COST | EXPECTED WAGES | JOB SECURITY | ECONOMIC COOPERATION | EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT | LABOR REALLOCATION | REAL WAGE | INSURANCE | MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS | AVERAGE WAGES | ENTRY COSTS | HOUSEHOLD SURVEY | LABOR COSTS | HUMAN CAPITAL | WAGE DIFFERENTIALS | NET EMPLOYMENT | OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE | EMPLOYMENT INCREASES | REGRESSION ANALYSIS | ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICY | EQUILIBRIUM UNEMPLOYMENT | LABOR REGULATION | FACTOR DEMAND | UNEMPLOYMENT | MIGRATION | LABOR DEMAND | JOB TURNOVER | FINANCIAL CRISES | UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS | WAGE DIFFERENTIAL | PLANT CLOSING | CAPITAL MARKETS | EXPORT MARKETS | GDP PER CAPITA | LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT | ADJUSTMENT POLICIES | DEREGULATION | EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS | MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS | LABOR ALLOCATION | OPTIMIZATION | ECONOMIC SHOCKS | LABOUR

Law and legislation | Government policy | Minimum wage

Offering evidence from both detailed individual country studies and homogenized statistics across the Latin American and Caribbean region, this book examines... 
Latin America Social policy | Minimum wage | Social policy | Latin America | INFORMAL SECTOR | SALARIED WORKER | COMPETITIVE MARKET | EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS | LABOR MARKETS | WAGE EFFECTS | LABOR LEGISLATION | SALARIES | LABOR SUPPLY INCENTIVES | HOUSEHOLD INCOME INEQUALITY | PENSION | INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS | DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS | WAGE LEVELS | OLDER WORKERS | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | WAGE ADJUSTMENT | WAGE BILL | SOCIAL BENEFITS | MALE WORKERS | MINIMUM WAGE | EARNINGS OF WOMEN | EMPLOYMENT | SKILLED LABOR | SECONDARY SCHOOL | LARGE FIRMS | MINIMUM WAGE LAW | SEVERANCE PAY SYSTEM | WORKING POOR | ECONOMIC GROWTH | POLITICAL ECONOMY | CASH TRANSFERS | WORKERS | LAYOFFS | EARNINGS | REAL WAGES | GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS | WORLD MARKET | WAGE STRUCTURE | INCOME REDISTRIBUTION | HOUSEHOLD WEALTH | MARKET WAGE | LABOR LAWS | AVERAGE WAGE | WAGE SECTOR | WAGE GAP | DOMESTIC WORKERS | SALARIED WORKERS | SEVERANCE PAY | UNEMPLOYED | POVERTY RATES | WAGE EMPLOYMENT | INCREASE IN INCOMES | RURAL WORKERS | EARNING | DOMESTIC CURRENCY | LABOR MINISTRIES | FEMALE WORKERS | WESTERN EUROPE | LOW INCOMES | MONOPSONY POWER | VALUABLE | FIRM SIZE | SEVERANCE | LABORERS | INCOMES | POVERTY ALLEVIATION | PUBLIC WORKS | ECONOMIC THEORY | RESEARCH ASSISTANCE | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | UNEMPLOYED POOR | WAGE DETERMINATION | EMPLOYEE | GENERAL POPULATION | COLLECTIVE BARGAINING | FORMAL EDUCATION | MARITIME WORKERS | JOB LOSS | OCCUPATIONS | WAGE EARNERS | JOB EXPERIENCE | TRADE LIBERALIZATION | JOBS | INFLATION | PENSION ISSUE | LABOR INCOME | MARKET ECONOMIES | OCCUPATION | YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT | PRIMARY EDUCATION | PURCHASING POWER | LATIN AMERICAN | POVERTY LINES | SAFETY NETS | DISMISSED WORKERS | WAGE FLOOR | LOW-INCOME | SAFETY | SELF-EMPLOYMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC GROUP | GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM | LIVING STANDARDS | WAGE INCREASE | UNSKILLED WORKERS | WORKER | MANUFACTURING WAGE | MARKET WAGES | CLOSED ECONOMIES | FAMILY MEMBERS | WAGE GAIN | EFFICIENCY WAGES | GINI COEFFICIENT | RENTS | LABOR TURNOVER | JOB LOSSES | MOTIVATION | WAGE BOARDS | POVERTY LINE | WAGE INCREASES | WAGE LEVEL | LABOR MARKET | TRADE UNIONS | MINIMUM WAGES | WAGE SET | HOUSEHOLD INCOME | PRICE INDEX | SOCIAL PROTECTION | TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO | PRIMARY SCHOOL | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | LABOR FORCE | BENEFICIARIES | UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT | WAGE GAINS | LABOR SUPPLY | AVERAGE WAGES | SOCIAL WELFARE | SOCIAL INSURANCE | HUMAN CAPITAL | EXTERNALITIES | WAGE DISTRIBUTION | FINANCES | BARGAINING POWER | LABOR ORGANIZATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | LABOR STANDARDS | UNEMPLOYMENT | LABOR SHORTAGE | WAGE INEQUALITY | CURRENCY | WAGE POLICIES | MONOPSONY | FAMILY INCOME | PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS | FORMAL SECTOR WAGE | LABOR DEMAND | LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS | PUBLIC EXPENDITURES | YOUNG WORKERS | HIGH WAGE | YOUNG PEOPLE | MAXIMUM WAGE | PRODUCTIVITY | WAGE POLICY | ECONOMICS | LABOUR | FORMAL SECTOR WAGES

Written by Anne Romanis Braun, a former staff member of the IMF's Research Department, this volume deals with the nature of wage determination and the problem... 
Wages | Government policy | Wage-price policy | Prices | Demand Management | Incomes Policy | Wage Indexation

What difference does a written constitution make to public policy? How have women workers fared in a nation bound by constitutional principles, compared with... 
Women | Sex discrimination in employment | Law and legislation | Employment | Minimum wage | Wages | History | Great Britain | Law | United States

In economics, the voluntary sector is surprisingly understudied. In order to fully understand economics, unpaid and voluntary work needs to be taken into... 
Women | Economic aspects | Voluntarism | Housewives | Wages | Social conditions | Employment & Unemployment | Industrial Economics | Development Economics | Women - Social conditions | Cost and standard of living | Women volunteers in social service

Wages

Large regional disparities in labor market indicators exist in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Such disparities appear to be persistent over time... 
Labor mobility | Migration, Internal | Baltic States | Europe, Central | ECONOMIC SHOCK | MIGRANT | LABOR MARKETS | LOCAL COMMUNITIES | SOCIAL TENSIONS | GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT | LOCAL LABOR MARKETS | POLICY IMPLICATIONS | ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION | MONETARY POLICY | WAGE LEVELS | OLDER WORKERS | PRODUCTION WORKER | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | MINIMUM WAGE | MARKET ECONOMY | LARGE FIRMS | UNEMPLOYMENT RATES | ECONOMIC GROWTH | POLITICAL ECONOMY | HOMEOWNERSHIP | PUBLIC POLICY | WORKERS | EARNINGS | REAL WAGES | INTERNAL MIGRANTS | JOB SEARCH | LOCAL LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS | HEALTH WORKERS | INVESTMENT CLIMATE | AGGREGATE UNEMPLOYMENT | DISSEMINATION | PRECEDING SECTION | ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT | NATIONAL LEVEL | HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS | REGIONAL POLICIES | ADVERSE EFFECTS | AVERAGE WAGE | AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT | PROBABILITIES | MORTALITY | YOUNGER WORKERS | UNEMPLOYED | TRANSACTION | INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION | LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT | UNEMPLOYMENT INDICATORS | REGIONAL POLICY | EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS | INCOME | LABOR MIGRATION | INCIDENCE OF POVERTY | WAGE BARGAINING SYSTEMS | MIGRANTS | VALUABLE | NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATES | LABOR MARKET INDICATORS | PRECEDING DISCUSSION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY | SOCIAL RESEARCH | HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES | LIFELONG LEARNING | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC THEORY | IMPORTANT POLICY | PRICE ADJUSTMENT | TRANSPORTATION | UNEMPLOYED WORKERS | HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT AREAS | NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT | PERSISTENT DISPARITIES | CONTRIBUTIONS | SOCIAL COSTS | LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATES | WAGE RATES | AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE | OCCUPATIONS | PROBABILITY | JOBS | SOCIAL INCLUSION | INFLATION | LEGAL STATUS | STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT | EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES | REGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT | PRIVATE FIRMS | REGIONAL INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC RECOVERY | WORTH | ECONOMIC COSTS | MACROECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM | PRIVATE PROVISION | WAGE BARGAINING | LIVING STANDARDS | WAGE INCREASE | UNSKILLED WORKERS | WORKER | NATURAL DISASTER | RESPECT | JOB CREATION | MORAL HAZARD | HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT | MIGRATION FLOWS | ECONOMIC TRANSITION | ACCOUNTING | LIVING CONDITIONS | PERSISTENT UNEMPLOYMENT | LABOR MOBILITY | VULNERABLE GROUPS | PLACE OF RESIDENCE | EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES | PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT | MOTIVATION | POVERTY REDUCTION | LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION | TEMPORARY MIGRATION | LABOR MARKET | MINIMUM WAGES | LOCAL LABOR MARKET | NATURAL RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT | SOCIAL PROTECTION | LABOR FORCE | EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT | INTERNAL MIGRATION | LABOR SUPPLY | REAL WAGE | INSURANCE | AVERAGE WAGES | DOWNWARD PRESSURE | MINISTRY OF LABOUR | WELFARE BENEFITS | LABOR COSTS | HIGH WAGES | HUMAN CAPITAL | NAIRU | WAGE DISTRIBUTION | AGGREGATE DEMAND | ECONOMIC ACTIVITY | WAGE DIFFERENTIALS | CALCULATIONS | LOCAL COMMUNITY | UNEMPLOYMENT | CURRENCY | UNEMPLOYED WORKER | DIVERSIFICATION | FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT | POPULATION DENSITY | ADJUSTMENT PROCESS | LABOR DEMAND | LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS | UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS | SKILLED WORKERS | AGGLOMERATION EFFECTS | HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT AREA | LOW UNEMPLOYMENT | WAGE FLEXIBILITY | HIGH WAGE | UNEMPLOYMENT RATE | NEW JOBS | LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT | HEALTH CARE | PRODUCTIVITY | LABOUR | SOCIAL AFFAIRS | NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

Poor people derive most of their income from work -- however, there is insufficient understanding of the role of employment and earnings as a linkage between... 
Poverty | Labor productivity | Labor market | Wages | Bangladesh | PRODUCTIVITY COMPONENTS | LABOR MARKETS | INEQUALITY | POOR | EDUCATION FOR GIRLS | INCOME SHARES | COMPETITIVE PRESSURE | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | MINIMUM WAGE | WAGE GROWTH | PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH | ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES | ECONOMIC GROWTH | LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION | EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES | PRIVATE SECTOR | EARNINGS | WAGE RATE | ACCESS TO EDUCATION | CAPITAL GOODS | COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS | CONTRIBUTION | GENDER GAP | OTHER ASSETS | INVESTMENT CLIMATE | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS | CHILD WORKERS | WAGE SECTOR | WAGE EMPLOYMENT | PRIVATE INVESTMENT | SANITATION | FERTILITY | PRIVATE TRANSFERS | EMPLOYMENT GROWTH | BUYERS | LABOR MARKET INDICATORS | RAPID GROWTH | WORKING-AGE POPULATION | LIVE BIRTHS | RESEARCH ASSISTANCE | POPULATION GROWTH | SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITIES | COLLECTIVE BARGAINING | DRIVERS | FORMAL EDUCATION | TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY | CONTRIBUTIONS | RURAL | JOBS | HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES | ANNUAL INCOME | EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES | OCCUPATION | PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT | PRIMARY EDUCATION | DEPRECIATION | EMPLOYMENT GENERATION | POVERTY LINES | FIRING COSTS | SELF-EMPLOYMENT | LIVING STANDARDS | PRODUCT MARKETS | COMMODITY | REAL ESTATE | TOTAL EMPLOYMENT | DEBT | WORK INCOME | AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | JOB CREATION | SALARY | AGE CATEGORY | FAMILY MEMBERS | INFANT | PRODUCTIVITY GAINS | RENTS | PUBLIC INVESTMENT | PRIVATE ENTERPRISES | LABOR MARKET | WORKING AGE | STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES | LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS | DIRECT INVESTMENT | DEVELOPMENT BANK | POOR HOUSEHOLDS | CONSUMER PRICE INDEX | INSURANCE | WAR | RURAL AREAS | UNION ACTIVITY | URBANIZATION | LABOR COSTS | POOR PEOPLE | RURAL POPULATION | BALANCE OF PAYMENTS | DAILY WAGE | INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION | PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT | PROGRESS | SAVING BEHAVIOR | SECONDARY EDUCATION | URBAN POPULATION | LIVING STANDARD | SALARIED EMPLOYMENT | PRESENT STUDY | EXCHANGE RATE | CURRENCY | MIGRATION | LANDLESS WORKERS | TERM CONTRACT | FEMALE EDUCATION | PUBLIC EXPENDITURES | SKILL GROUPS | RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE | SUBSISTENCE FARMERS | UNEMPLOYMENT RATE | SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | SAVINGS | PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT | EMPLOYMENT RATES | INCOME INCREASES | INCOME GROWTH | POVERTY MEASURES | INFORMAL SECTOR | SALARIED WORKER | FERTILITY RATES | LAND OWNERSHIP | GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT | PENSION | WORKING AGE POPULATION | EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE | INCOME SOURCES | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | POVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTS | TERMINATION | EMPLOYMENT | TOTAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH | FIRING RESTRICTIONS | SOCIAL PROGRAMS | CROP PRODUCTION | CHILDREN PER WOMAN | DISSEMINATION | AGRICULTURAL SECTOR | CONSUMER | EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE | PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE | AVERAGE WAGE | LOW EARNINGS | SALARIED WORKERS | POVERTY RATES | EARNING | UNION ACTIVITIES | SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES | LABOR STATISTICS | LITERACY | LABORERS | INCOMES | POVERTY ASSESSMENT | POVERTY RATE | ESTIMATES OF POVERTY | MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION | PRIVATE SECTOR WAGE | CURRENT ACCOUNT | OCCUPATIONS | INCOME LEVELS | MARKET ANALYSIS | INFLATION | LEGAL STATUS | LEVEL OF EDUCATION | SOURCES OF INCOME | LOW-INCOME | IRRIGATION | INVESTMENT CLIMATE ASSESSMENT | WORKER | AVERAGE EARNINGS | LABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS | ECONOMIC TRANSITION | ACCOUNTING | LIFE EXPECTANCY | POVERTY PROFILE | LABOR REGULATIONS | JOB LOSSES | POVERTY REDUCTION | POVERTY LINE | LABOR PRODUCTIVITY | TRADE UNIONS | HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISE | INFLOW OF REMITTANCES | MINIMUM WAGES | POVERTY INCIDENCE | HOUSEHOLD INCOME | TERM CONTRACTS | SOCIAL PROTECTION | LABOR FORCE | SOCIAL SECURITY | PRODUCTIVITY COMPONENT | EMPLOYMENT RATE | LABOR FORCE GROWTH | HOUSEHOLD BUDGET | POVERTY ANALYSIS | LABOR COST | OLD AGE | PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT | CHILD MORTALITY | HUMAN CAPITAL | MALNUTRITION | ECONOMIC ACTIVITY | NATURAL RESOURCES | UNEMPLOYMENT | DIVERSIFICATION | BUSINESS COMMUNITY | FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT | LABOR RELATIONS | OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT | INFANT MORTALITY | NEW JOBS | QUESTIONNAIRES | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | INVESTMENT CLIMATE ASSESSMENTS | LABOUR

Wages

Economics | Minimum wage | Living wage movement | History

Wage policy can be broadly defined as a set of institutions designed to bolster the wages of workers, especially for those workers who lack negotiating power.... 
Political Economy | Economic Theory & Philosophy | Living wage movement - United States | Democracy | Income distribution | Living wage movement | Wages