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1. Full Text Bending rules for animal propulsion
by Lucas, Kelsey N and Johnson, Nathan and Beaulieu, Wesley T and Cathcart, Eric and Tirrell, Gregory and Colin, Sean P and Gemmell, Brad J and Dabiri, John O and Costello, John H
Nature Communications, ISSN 2041-1723, 02/2014, Volume 5, Issue 1, p. 3293
Animal propulsors such as wings and fins bend during motion and these bending patterns are believed to contribute to the high efficiency of animal movements... 
DESIGN | SPANWISE FLEXIBILITY | AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE | PECTORAL FIN | FLEXURE | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL | FISH | LOCOMOTION | EFFICIENCY | OSCILLATING FOILS | Swimming - physiology | Animal Fins - physiology | Flight, Animal - physiology | Animals | Vertebrates - physiology | Insecta - physiology | Phylogeny | Wings, Animal - physiology | Mollusca - physiology
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2. Full Text Rotational accelerations stabilize leading edge vortices on revolving fly wings
by Lentink, D and Dickinson, M.H
Journal of Experimental Biology, ISSN 0022-0949, 2009, Volume 212, Issue 16, pp. 2705 - 2719
The aerodynamic performance of hovering insects is largely explained by the presence of a stably attached leading edge vortex (LEV) on top of their wings.... 
hovering flight | vortex | forces | insect flight | lift | flapping flight | low reynolds-numbers | unsteady aerodynamic performance | wake interactions | model hawkmoth | Wing | Stability | Flight | Leading edge vortex | Centripetal | Acceleration | Coriolis | Insect | flight | LOW REYNOLDS-NUMBERS | MODEL HAWKMOTH | FLAPPING FLIGHT | LIFT | leading edge vortex | UNSTEADY AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE | centripetal | INSECT FLIGHT | VORTEX | acceleration | HOVERING FLIGHT | BIOLOGY | insect | FORCES | wing | WAKE INTERACTIONS | stability | Drosophila melanogaster - physiology | Stress, Mechanical | Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology | Air | Robotics | Wings, Animal - physiology | Weight-Bearing - physiology | Flight, Animal - physiology | Animals | Movement - physiology | Wings, Animal - anatomy & histology | Coriolis Force | Models, Animal | Drosophila melanogaster - anatomy & histology | Wings (Animal) | Physiological aspects | Management | Research | Fruit-flies | Animal flight
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3. Full Text Controlled Flight of a Biologically Inspired, Insect-Scale Robot
by Kevin Y. Ma and Pakpong Chirarattananon and Sawyer B. Fuller and Robert J. Wood
Science, ISSN 0036-8075, 5/2013, Volume 340, Issue 6132, pp. 603 - 607
Flies are among the most agile flying creatures on Earth. To mimic this aerial prowess in a similarly sized robot requires tiny, high-efficiency mechanical... 
Torque | REPORTS | Insect flight | Flight muscles | Flight control | Flight mechanics | Robots | Robotics | Vehicular flight | Aircraft wings | Flight dynamics | SPEED | MECHANICS | DIPTERA | DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER | AERODYNAMICS | STABILITY | MANEUVERS | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | SYSTEMS | WING ROTATION | MICRO-AIR VEHICLES | Muscles - physiology | Biomimetic Materials | Flight, Animal | Drosophila - anatomy & histology | Drosophila - physiology | Wings, Animal - physiology | Biomechanical Phenomena | Animals | Wings, Animal - anatomy & histology | Diptera - physiology | Miniaturization | Diptera - anatomy & histology | Motion | Insects | Animal flight | Physiological aspects | Research | Properties | Flying | Flight | Small scale | Control systems | Control theory | Maneuvers
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4. Full Text Efficient cruising for swimming and flying animals is dictated by fluid drag
by Floryan, Daniel and Van Buren, Tyler and Smits, Alexander J
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, 08/2018, Volume 115, Issue 32, pp. 8116 - 8118
Many swimming and flying animals are observed to cruise in a narrow range of Strouhal numbers, where the Strouhal number St = 2fA/U is a dimensionless... 
Swimming | Drag | Biolocomotion | Flight | swimming | flight | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | FREQUENCY | FISH | LOCOMOTION | AMPLITUDE | drag | biolocomotion | OSCILLATING FOILS | PROPULSION | Birds - physiology | Wings, Animal - physiology | Swimming - physiology | Flight, Animal - physiology | Biomechanical Phenomena | Sharks - physiology | Animals | Models, Biological | Insecta - physiology | Chiroptera - physiology | Dolphins - physiology | Fishes - physiology | Locomotion - physiology | Animal swimming | Usage | Models | Mathematical models | Animal flight | Biological Sciences | Physical Sciences
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5. Full Text Active flight increases the gain of visual motion processing in Drosophila
by Maimon, Gaby and Straw, Andrew D and Dickinson, Michael H
Nature Neuroscience, ISSN 1097-6256, 03/2010, Volume 13, Issue 3, pp. 393 - 399
We developed a technique for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from genetically identified neurons in behaving Drosophila. We focused on the... 
COLLISION-AVOIDANCE | ANTENNAL LOBE | RESPONSE PROPERTIES | BLOWFLY CALLIPHORA | SENSORY SYSTEMS | NEURONS | LOCUST FLIGHT | OLFACTORY REPRESENTATIONS | LOBULA PLATE | NEUROSCIENCES | INTERNEURONS | Interneurons - physiology | Membrane Potentials - physiology | Brain - physiology | Patch-Clamp Techniques - methods | Wings, Animal - physiology | Action Potentials - physiology | Rest - physiology | Flight, Animal - physiology | Biomechanical Phenomena | Animals | Ganglia, Invertebrate - physiology | Restraint, Physical - methods | Neurons - physiology | Video Recording | Female | Photic Stimulation | Drosophila melanogaster | Motion Perception - physiology | Physiological aspects | Sensory receptors | Genetic aspects | Research | Drosophila
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6. Full Text Smart wing rotation and trailing-edge vortices enable high frequency mosquito flight
by Bomphrey, Richard J and Nakata, Toshiyuki and Phillips, Nathan and Walker, Simon M
Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, 04/2017, Volume 544, Issue 7648, pp. 92 - 95
Mosquitoes exhibit unusual wing kinematics; their long, slender wings flap at remarkably high frequencies for their size (> 800 Hz) and with lower stroke... 
AERODYNAMICS | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | LIFT-GENERATING MECHANISMS | DRAGONFLY FLIGHT | FLAPPING FLIGHT | QUASI-STEADY MODEL | HOVERING INSECT FLIGHT | FLOW | KINEMATICS | Culex - anatomy & histology | Flight, Animal - physiology | Biomechanical Phenomena | Reproducibility of Results | Animals | Wings, Animal - anatomy & histology | Air Movements | Hydrodynamics | Male | Culex - physiology | Rotation | Wings, Animal - physiology | Mosquitoes | Fluid dynamics | Analysis | Animal flight | Kinematics | Wings (Animal) | Structure | Natural history | Vortices
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7. Full Text Bat wing sensors support flight control
by Susanne Sterbing-D'Angelo and Mohit Chadha and Chen Chiu and Ben Falk and Wei Xian and Janna Barcelo and John M. Zook and Cynthia F. Moss
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, 7/2011, Volume 108, Issue 27, pp. 11291 - 11296
Bats are the only mammals capable of powered flight, and they perform impressive aerial maneuvers like tight turns, hovering, and perching upside down. The bat... 
Hair | Bats | Receptors | Aerial locomotion | Trailing edges | Insect flight | Flight paths | Animal wings | Hair removal | Vehicular flight | FLYING BATS | HAIRS | CHIROPTERA | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | FLIES | Microscopy, Electron, Scanning | Systems Biology | Wings, Animal - physiology | Hair - ultrastructure | Somatosensory Cortex - physiology | Flight, Animal - physiology | Feedback, Physiological | Animals | Chiroptera - anatomy & histology | Wings, Animal - anatomy & histology | Somatosensory Cortex - cytology | Hair - physiology | Wings, Animal - innervation | Chiroptera - physiology | Electrophysiological Phenomena | Models, Neurological | Physiological aspects | Wings (Animal) | Research | Animal flight | Biological Sciences
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8. Animal flight
by Pennycuick, Colin
1972, Studies in biology / Institute of Biology, ISBN 9780713123555, Volume no. 33, [4], 68, [4]
Flight
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9. Full Text Upwash exploitation and downwash avoidance by flap phasing in ibis formation flight
by Portugal, Steven J and Hubel, Tatjana Y and Fritz, Johannes and Heese, Stefanie and Trobe, Daniela and Voelkl, Bernhard and Hailes, Stephen and Wilson, Alan M and Usherwood, James R
Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, 2014, Volume 505, Issue 7483, pp. 399 - 402
Many species travel in highly organized groups(1-3). The most quoted function of these configurations is to reduce energy expenditure and enhance locomotor... 
GEESE | ENERGY SAVINGS | BAT | BEHAVIOR | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | DYNAMICS | LEADERSHIP | EFFICIENCY | BIRDS | KINEMATICS | PAIRS | Group Processes | Flight, Animal - physiology | Biomechanical Phenomena | Animals | Movement - physiology | Models, Biological | Birds - physiology | Wings, Animal - physiology | Ibis | Birds | Research | Behavior | Animal behavior | Flight | Studies | Statistical analysis | Global positioning systems--GPS | Cost control | Methods
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10. Full Text Details of Insect Wing Design and Deformation Enhance Aerodynamic Function and Flight Efficiency
by John Young and Simon M. Walker and Richard J. Bomphrey and Graham K. Taylor and Adrian L. R. Thomas
Science, ISSN 0036-8075, 9/2009, Volume 325, Issue 5947, pp. 1549 - 1552
Insect wings are complex structures that deform dramatically in flight. We analyzed the aerodynamic consequences of wing deformation in locusts using a... 
Locusts | Economic models | Economic modeling | Aerodynamic lift | Kinematics | Flow distribution | Charge flow devices | Airfoil camber | Aerodynamics | Reports | Vehicular flight | HOVERING FLIGHT | LOCUST SCHISTOCERCA-GREGARIA | LEADING-EDGE VORTICES | PERFORMANCE | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | FLAPPING FLIGHT | FORCES | SIMULATION | DESERT LOCUST | MORPHOLOGY | KINEMATICS | Flight, Animal - physiology | Biomechanical Phenomena | Grasshoppers - anatomy & histology | Animals | Movement | Models, Biological | Wings, Animal - anatomy & histology | Computer Simulation | Wings, Animal - physiology | Grasshoppers - physiology | Animal flight | Wings (Animal) | Physiological aspects | Research | Properties | Deformation | Anatomy & physiology | Insects | Simulation
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11. Full Text Wingbeat Time and the Scaling of Passive Rotational Damping in Flapping Flight
by Tyson L. Hedrick and Bo Cheng and Xinyan Deng
Science, ISSN 0036-8075, 4/2009, Volume 324, Issue 5924, pp. 252 - 255
Flying animals exhibit remarkable capabilities for both generating maneuvers and stabilizing their course and orientation after perturbation. Here we show that... 
Damping | Torque | Animals | Maneuverability | Half lives | Body size | Insect flight | Reports | Animal wings | Acceleration | Rotation | MANEUVERING FLIGHT | AERODYNAMICS | BEHAVIOR | STABILITY | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | INSECT FLIGHT | Motion | Movement | Body Size | Mathematical Concepts | Flight, Animal | Insecta - anatomy & histology | Birds - physiology | Birds - anatomy & histology | Wings, Animal - physiology | Biomechanical Phenomena | Chiroptera - anatomy & histology | Models, Biological | Wings, Animal - anatomy & histology | Nervous System Physiological Phenomena | Insecta - physiology | Chiroptera - physiology | Measurement | Animal flight | Wings (Animal) | Animal mechanics | Research | Properties | Observations | Damping (Mechanics) | Aerodynamics | Birds | Biophysics | Insects | Velocity
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12. Full Text Intrinsic Fluctuations and Driven Response of Insect Swarms
by Ni, Rui and Puckett, James G and Dufresne, Eric R and Ouellette, Nicholas T
Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, 09/2015, Volume 115, Issue 11, p. 118104
Animals of all sizes form groups, as acting together can convey advantages over acting alone; thus, collective animal behavior has been identified as a... 
PREDATION | MECHANICS | WAVES | MOTION | PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY | FLOCKS | COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR | ANIMAL GROUPS | ACTIVE MATTER | Chironomidae - physiology | Sexual Behavior, Animal - physiology | Animal Migration - physiology | Animals | Models, Biological | Spatial Behavior - physiology | Behavior, Animal - physiology | Female | Male | Wings, Animal - physiology
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13. Full Text Biofluiddynamic scaling of flapping, spinning and translating fins and wings
by Lentink, D and Dickinson, M.H
Journal of Experimental Biology, ISSN 0022-0949, 2009, Volume 212, Issue 16, pp. 2691 - 2704
Organisms that swim or fly with fins or wings physically interact with the surrounding water and air. The interactions are governed by the morphology and... 
revolving wings | hovering flight | vortex | drosophila | insect flight | lift | animals | low reynolds-numbers | mechanism | unsteady aerodynamic performance | Fly | Wing | Flight | Biofluiddynamics | Navier-Stokes | Scaling | Fin | Swimming | Dimensionless numbers | ANIMALS | flight | scaling | LOW REYNOLDS-NUMBERS | REVOLVING WINGS | MECHANISM | LIFT | fin | UNSTEADY AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE | dimensionless numbers | INSECT FLIGHT | VORTEX | DROSOPHILA | swimming | fly | HOVERING FLIGHT | BIOLOGY | biofluiddynamics | wing | Swimming - physiology | Flight, Animal - physiology | Motor Activity - physiology | Animals | Movement - physiology | Models, Biological | Wings, Animal - anatomy & histology | Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology | Diptera - physiology | Insecta - physiology | Fishes - physiology | Wings, Animal - physiology | Wings (Animal) | Models | Research | Animal locomotion
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14. Full Text The roller coaster flight strategy of bar-headed geese conserves energy during Himalayan migrations
by Bishop, C.M and Bishop, C.M and Spivey, R.J and Hawkes, L.A and Batbayar, N and Chua, B and Frappell, P.B and Milsom, W.K and Natsagdorj, T and Newman, S.H and Scott, G.R and Takekawa, J.Y and Wikelski, M and Butler, P.J
Science, ISSN 0036-8075, 01/2015, Volume 347, Issue 6219, pp. 250 - 254
The physiological and biomechanical requirements of flight at high altitude have been the subject of much interest. Here, we uncover a steep relation between... 
PACIFIC-OCEAN | ANSER-INDICUS | BEHAVIOR | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | BRANTA-LEUCOPSIS | HEART-RATE | BIRDS | BLOOD | Flight, Animal - physiology | Heart Rate | Biomechanical Phenomena | Animals | Body Weight | Energy Metabolism | Animal Migration | Geese - physiology | Body Temperature | Tibet | Wings, Animal - physiology | Altitude | Energy metabolism | Zoological research | Bioenergetics | Flight | Physiological aspects | Birds | Research | Health aspects | Geese | Wildfowl | Animal populations | Bird migration | Mountains | Heart rate | Exponents | Energy conservation | Himalayas | Roller coasters | Migration | Strategy
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15. Full Text Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry
by Joron, Mathieu and Frezal, Lise and Jones, Robert T and Chamberlain, Nicola L and Lee, Siu F and Haag, Christoph R and Whibley, Annabel and Becuwe, Michel and Baxter, Simon W and Ferguson, Laura and Wilkinson, Paul A and Salazar, Camilo and Davidson, Claire and Clark, Richard and Quail, Michael A and Beasley, Helen and Glithero, Rebecca and Lloyd, Christine and Sims, Sarah and Jones, Matthew C and Rogers, Jane and Jiggins, Chris D and Ffrench-Constant, Richard H
Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, 09/2011, Volume 477, Issue 7363, pp. 203 - 206
Supergenes are tight clusters of loci that facilitate the co-segregation of adaptive variation, providing integrated control of complex adaptive phenotypes(1).... 
EVOLUTION | VISTA | PAPILIO-DARDANUS | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | SEQUENCE | LINKAGE | GENE FLOW | INVERSIONS | Multigene Family - genetics | Chromosome Walking | Butterflies - anatomy & histology | Molecular Mimicry - physiology | Genes, Insect - genetics | Butterflies - genetics | Pigmentation - physiology | Molecular Sequence Data | Wings, Animal - physiology | Haplotypes - genetics | Wings, Animal - metabolism | Phenotype | Animals | Molecular Mimicry - genetics | Pigmentation - genetics | Wings, Animal - anatomy & histology | Butterflies - physiology | Chromosomes, Insect - genetics | Alleles | Polymorphism, Genetic - genetics | Gene Rearrangement - genetics | Genetic Linkage - genetics | Polymerase chain reaction | Usage | Genetic aspects | Single nucleotide polymorphisms | Research | Butterflies | Haplotypes | Genetics | Artificial chromosomes | Cloning | Genomics | Polymorphism
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