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1. Full Text Effects of predation risk on group size, vigilance, and foraging behavior in an African ungulate community
by Creel, Scott and Schuette, Paul and Christianson, David
Behavioral Ecology, ISSN 1045-2249, 2014, Volume 25, Issue 4, pp. 773 - 784
Predators alter prey dynamics by direct killing and through the costs of antipredator responses or risk effects. Antipredator behavior includes proactive... 
foraging | antipredator response | vigilance | group size | risk effects | WOLVES | ELK | LIONS | TEMPORAL VARIATION | HUNTING MODE | PREY | ZOOLOGY | HABITAT USE | GROWTH | BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES | ECOLOGY | STRESS
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2. Full Text Antipredator function of vigilance re-examined: vigilant birds delay escape
by Tätte, Kunter and Ibáñez-Álamo, Juan Diego and Markó, Gábor and Mänd, Raivo and Møller, Anders Pape
Animal Behaviour, ISSN 0003-3472, 10/2019, Volume 156, pp. 97 - 110
Vigilance is considered an effective antipredator behaviour in animals, and hence it should reflect fearfulness. While numerous aspects of vigilance have been... 
vigilance | antipredator behaviour | perching height | flight initiation distance | birds | rural–urban difference | escape behaviour | METAANALYSIS | BEHAVIOR | PERFORMANCE | rural-urban difference | FEAR | FLIGHT-INITIATION DISTANCE | GROUP-SIZE | INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES | PREY | COSTS | ZOOLOGY | BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES | PREDATION RISK | Birds
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3. Full Text Visual obstruction and vigilance: a natural experiment
by Beauchamp, Guy
Journal of Avian Biology, ISSN 0908-8857, 09/2015, Volume 46, Issue 5, pp. 476 - 481
Visual obstructions can cause an increase in antipredator vigilance in prey animals by making predator detection more difficult. However, visual obstructions... 
GROUP-SIZE | SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPERS | HOUSE SPARROWS | DEGUS OCTODON-DEGUS | PASSER-DOMESTICUS | SANDPIPERS CALIDRIS-PUSILLA | ANTIPREDATOR VIGILANCE | STAGING FLOCKS | PREDATION RISK | ORNITHOLOGY | COROPHIUM-VOLUTATOR
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4. Full Text The effect of age on vigilance: a longitudinal study with a precocial species
by Beauchamp, Guy
Behaviour, ISSN 0005-7959, 2018, Volume 155, Issue 13-15, pp. 1011 - 1024
Abstract Vigilance allows prey species to detect predators before it is too late to escape. While the adaptive value of vigilance has become clearer over the... 
Development | Group size | Vigilance | Domestic fowl | Gallus gallus domesticus | Age | PERSONALITY | development | RED JUNGLEFOWL | domestic fowl | BEHAVIOR | ANTIPREDATOR VIGILANCE | EARLY EXPERIENCE AFFECTS | RESPONSES | vigilance | GROUP-SIZE | ZOOLOGY | JUVENILE | ONTOGENY | BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES | group size | PREDATION RISK | age | Conspecifics | Juveniles | Age factors | Feeding | Prey | Predators | Correlation analysis | Satiety | Adults | Predation | Species
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5. Full Text Deer on the lookout: how hunting, hiking and coyotes affect white‐tailed deer vigilance
by Schuttler, S. G and Parsons, A. W and Forrester, T. D and Baker, M. C and McShea, W. J and Costello, R and Kays, R
Journal of Zoology, ISSN 0952-8369, 04/2017, Volume 301, Issue 4, pp. 320 - 327
Predators affect prey directly by removing animals from the population and indirectly by modifying prey behavior. Humans have extirpated apex predators from... 
vigilance | predation risk | white‐tailed deer | coyote | recreation | apex predators | hunting | camera traps | white-tailed deer | WOLVES | MANAGEMENT | ELK | POPULATIONS | ROE DEER | DISTURBANCE | RESPONSES | ZOOLOGY | ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR | WILDLIFE | Hunting | Wolves | White-tailed deer | Animal behavior | Ecosystems | Deer
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6. Full Text Natural sounds alter California ground squirrel, Otospermophilus beecheyi, foraging, vigilance and movement behaviours
by Le, My-Lan T and Garvin, Christopher M and Barber, Jesse R and Francis, Clinton D
Animal Behaviour, ISSN 0003-3472, 11/2019, Volume 157, pp. 51 - 60
Many animals rely on the acoustic environment for functions spanning mate attraction, navigation and predator and prey detection. Growing evidence focused on... 
acoustic masking | distraction | antipredator behaviour | foraging–vigilance trade-off | natural sounds | predation risk | mammal | sensory ecology | soundscape | PRAIRIE DOGS | AMBIENT NOISE | ALARM CALLS | RESPONSES | GROUP-SIZE | TRAFFIC NOISE | EVOLUTION | ZOOLOGY | HABITAT | FREQUENCY | foraging-vigilance trade-off | BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES | COMMUNICATION
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7. Full Text Assessing blue wildebeests’ vigilance, grouping and foraging responses to perceived predation risk using playback experiments
by Dannock, R.J and Pays, O and Renaud, P.-C and Maron, M and Goldizen, A.W
Behavioural Processes, ISSN 0376-6357, 07/2019, Volume 164, pp. 252 - 259
Two aspects of reactive antipredator behaviour are still unclear for ungulates. First, when there is a direct predation threat, how do prey balance... 
Aggregation | Predator stimulus | Bunching | Social vigilance | Antipredator vigilance | Connochaetes taurinus | POPULATION | ELK | BEHAVIOR | LIONS | PATTERNS | NEIGHBORS | GROUP-SIZE | PREY | COSTS | ZOOLOGY | BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES | PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL | Connochaetes taw-inus | EFFICIENCY | Usage | Predation (Biology) | National parks | Prey | Vigilance | Anti-predator behavior | Ungulates | Animal behavior | Playback | Predation | Females
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8. Full Text Vigilance adjustments in relation to long- and short term risk in wild fallow deer (Dama dama)
by Bergvall, Ulrika A and Svensson, Lisa and Kjellander, Petter and Stockholms universitet and Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten and Zoologiska institutionen
Behavioural Processes, ISSN 0376-6357, 07/2016, Volume 128, pp. 58 - 63
The risk allocation hypothesis predicts that vigilance should be adjusted to the temporal variation in risk. We test this hypothesis in wild fallow deer... 
Induced vigilance | High-cost vigilance | Maternal investment | GRAZING BEHAVIOR | HERBIVORES | ELK | ROE DEER | ANTIPREDATOR STRATEGIES | WHITE-TAILED DEER | GROUP-SIZE | ZOOLOGY | HABITAT USE | BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES | PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL | PREDATION RISK | SELECTION | Deer - psychology | Animals | Arousal | Female | Risk | Herbivory | Postpartum Period - psychology | Zoology | Biological Sciences | Naturvetenskap | Biologiska vetenskaper | Zoologi | Natural Sciences
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9. Full Text Temporal structuring of vigilance behaviour by female Thomson's gazelles with hidden fawns
by Costelloe, Blair R and Rubenstein, Daniel I
Animal Behaviour, ISSN 0003-3472, 11/2018, Volume 145, pp. 87 - 97
Prey animals often face a trade-off between investing time in antipredator behaviour and performing self-maintenance activities, such as foraging. Parents face... 
ungulate | hiding | vigilance | antipredator behaviour | predation risk | risk allocation hypothesis | Thomson's gazelle | maternal behaviour | gazelle | FORAGING BEHAVIOR | NATIONAL-PARK | HUNTING BEHAVIOR | STRATEGIES | GROUP-SIZE | PREY | ZOOLOGY | ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR | HABITAT USE | MULE DEER | BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
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10. Full Text Modeling scan and interscan durations in antipredator vigilance
by Beauchamp, G and Ruxton, G.D
Journal of Theoretical Biology, ISSN 0022-5193, 02/2016, Volume 390, pp. 86 - 96
Many prey species alternate between bouts of foraging and bouts of antipredator vigilance. Models of vigilance typically predict how much total time prey... 
Foraging | Trade-off | Antipredator vigilance | Individual-based model | GROUND-SQUIRRELS | FEEDING METHOD | PROTECTIVE COVER | HANDLING TIME | SPARROWS PASSER-DOMESTICUS | GROUP-SIZE | PARUS-CAERULEUS | BIOLOGY | MATHEMATICAL & COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY | PREDATION RISK | ANAS-CRECCA | Predatory Behavior - physiology | Animals | Avoidance Learning - physiology | Models, Biological | Escape Reaction - physiology | Feeding Behavior - physiology | Food habits | Analysis | Models
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11. Full Text Assessing the sensitivity of foraging and vigilance to internal state and environmental variables in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris)
by Chmura, Helen E and Wey, Tina W and Blumstein, Daniel T
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, ISSN 0340-5443, 11/2016, Volume 70, Issue 11, pp. 1901 - 1910
Both internal and environmental factors influence the trade-offs animals make between foraging and antipredator vigilance. However, few studies examine both... 
Life Sciences | Vigilance | Glucocorticoids | Behavioral Sciences | Zoology | Foraging | Parasites | Animal Ecology | Environmental drivers | GROUND-SQUIRRELS | FECAL GLUCOCORTICOID METABOLITES | CORTICOSTERONE | PARASITE-INDUCED ANOREXIA | INDIVIDUALS | RESPONSES | GROUP-SIZE | TRADE-OFF | ZOOLOGY | ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR | PREDATION-RISK | BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES | ECOLOGY | Environmental aspects | Corticosteroids | Metabolites | Parasitic diseases | Resveratrol | Animal populations | Predation | Foraging behavior | Rodents | Steroids
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12. Full Text White-tailed deer vigilance: The influence of social and environmental factors
by Lashley, Marcus A and Chitwood, M. Colter and Biggerstaff, Michael T and Morina, Daniel L and Moorman, Christopher E and DePerno, Christopher S
PLoS ONE, ISSN 1932-6203, 03/2014, Volume 9, Issue 3, p. e90652
Vigilance behavior may directly affect fitness of prey animals, and understanding factors influencing vigilance may provide important insight into... 
RISK ALLOCATION HYPOTHESIS | TEMPORAL VARIATION | HABITAT SELECTION | RESPONSES | POPULATION | GROUP-SIZE | PREY | ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR | MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES | PREDATION RISK | SEXUAL SEGREGATION | North Carolina | Predatory Behavior - physiology | Animals | Deer - physiology | Time Factors | Moon | Social Behavior | Environment | Female | Logistic Models | Male | White-tailed deer | Animal behavior | Segregation | Pictures | Vigilance | Sexual behavior | Group size | Environmental factors | Risk taking | Males | Foraging behavior | Diurnal | Deer | Environmental effects | Feeding | Prey | Time of use | Social behavior | Wildlife | Predator-prey interactions | Adults | Predation | Females | Fitness
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13. Full Text Induced or Routine Vigilance while Foraging
by Pierrick Blanchard and Hervé Fritz
Oikos, ISSN 0030-1299, 10/2007, Volume 116, Issue 10, pp. 1603 - 1608
Animal feeding behavior | Animals | Predators | Foraging | Tradeoffs | Mental stimulation | Group size | Mastication | Predation | Ingestion | Forum | PREDATION | GROUP-SIZE | COSTS | PSAMMOMYS-OBESUS | BEHAVIOR | INCREASES | ECOLOGY | SPERMOPHILUS-TRIDECEMLINEATUS | MECHANISMS | ANTIPREDATOR VIGILANCE | MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES
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